giteveryday(7)
NAME
giteveryday - A useful minimum set of commands for Everyday Git
SYNOPSIS
Everyday Git With 20 Commands Or So
DESCRIPTION
Git users can broadly be grouped into four categories for the purposes
of describing here a small set of useful command for everyday Git.
* Individual Developer (Standalone) commands are essential for
anybody who makes a commit, even for somebody who works alone.
* If you work with other people, you will need commands listed in the
Individual Developer (Participant) section as well.
* People who play the Integrator role need to learn some more
commands in addition to the above.
* Repository Administration commands are for system administrators
who are responsible for the care and feeding of Git repositories.
INDIVIDUAL DEVELOPER (STANDALONE)
A standalone individual developer does not exchange patches with other people, and works alone in a single repository, using the following commands. * git-init(1) to create a new repository. * git-log(1) to see what happened. * git-checkout(1) and git-branch(1) to switch branches. * git-add(1) to manage the index file. * git-diff(1) and git-status(1) to see what you are in the middle of doing. * git-commit(1) to advance the current branch. * git-reset(1) and git-checkout(1) (with pathname parameters) to undo changes. * git-merge(1) to merge between local branches. * git-rebase(1) to maintain topic branches. * git-tag(1) to mark a known point. Examples Use a tarball as a starting point for a new repository. $ tar zxf frotz.tar.gz $ cd frotz $ git init $ git add . (1) $ git commit -m "import of frotz source tree." $ git tag v2.43 (2) 1. add everything under the current directory. 2. make a lightweight, unannotated tag. Create a topic branch and develop. $ git checkout -b alsa-audio (1) $ edit/compile/test $ git checkout -- curses/ux_audio_oss.c (2) $ git add curses/ux_audio_alsa.c (3) $ edit/compile/test $ git diff HEAD (4) $ git commit -a -s (5) $ edit/compile/test $ git diff HEAD^ (6) $ git commit -a --amend (7) $ git checkout master (8) $ git merge alsa-audio (9) $ git log --since='3 days ago' (10) $ git log v2.43.. curses/ (11) 1. create a new topic branch. 2. revert your botched changes in curses/ux_audio_oss.c. 3. you need to tell Git if you added a new file; removal and modification will be caught if you do git commit -a later. 4. to see what changes you are committing. 5. commit everything, as you have tested, with your sign-off. 6. look at all your changes including the previous commit. 7. amend the previous commit, adding all your new changes, using your original message. 8. switch to the master branch. 9. merge a topic branch into your master branch. 10. review commit logs; other forms to limit output can be combined and include -10 (to show up to 10 commits), --until=2005-12-10, etc. 11. view only the changes that touch what's in curses/ directory, since v2.43 tag.
INDIVIDUAL DEVELOPER (PARTICIPANT)
A developer working as a participant in a group project needs to learn how to communicate with others, and uses these commands in addition to the ones needed by a standalone developer. * git-clone(1) from the upstream to prime your local repository. * git-pull(1) and git-fetch(1) from "origin" to keep up-to-date with the upstream. * git-push(1) to shared repository, if you adopt CVS style shared repository workflow. * git-format-patch(1) to prepare e-mail submission, if you adopt Linux kernel-style public forum workflow. * git-send-email(1) to send your e-mail submission without corruption by your MUA. * git-request-pull(1) to create a summary of changes for your upstream to pull. Examples Clone the upstream and work on it. Feed changes to upstream. $ git clone git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/.../torvalds/linux-2.6 my2.6 $ cd my2.6 $ git checkout -b mine master (1) $ edit/compile/test; git commit -a -s (2) $ git format-patch master (3) $ git send-email --to="person <email@example.com>" 00*.patch (4) $ git checkout master (5) $ git pull (6) $ git log -p ORIG_HEAD.. arch/i386 include/asm-i386 (7) $ git ls-remote --heads http://git.kernel.org/.../jgarzik/libata-dev.git (8) $ git pull git://git.kernel.org/pub/.../jgarzik/libata-dev.git ALL (9) $ git reset --hard ORIG_HEAD (10) $ git gc (11) 1. checkout a new branch mine from master. 2. repeat as needed. 3. extract patches from your branch, relative to master, 4. and email them. 5. return to master, ready to see what's new 6. git pull fetches from origin by default and merges into the current branch. 7. immediately after pulling, look at the changes done upstream since last time we checked, only in the area we are interested in. 8. check the branch names in an external repository (if not known). 9. fetch from a specific branch ALL from a specific repository and merge it. 10. revert the pull. 11. garbage collect leftover objects from reverted pull. Push into another repository. satellite$ git clone mothership:frotz frotz (1) satellite$ cd frotz satellite$ git config --get-regexp '^(remote|branch)\.' (2) remote.origin.url mothership:frotz remote.origin.fetch refs/heads/*:refs/remotes/origin/* branch.master.remote origin branch.master.merge refs/heads/master satellite$ git config remote.origin.push \ +refs/heads/*:refs/remotes/satellite/* (3) satellite$ edit/compile/test/commit satellite$ git push origin (4) mothership$ cd frotz mothership$ git checkout master mothership$ git merge satellite/master (5) 1. mothership machine has a frotz repository under your home directory; clone from it to start a repository on the satellite machine. 2. clone sets these configuration variables by default. It arranges git pull to fetch and store the branches of mothership machine to local remotes/origin/* remote-tracking branches. 3. arrange git push to push all local branches to their corresponding branch of the mothership machine. 4. push will stash all our work away on remotes/satellite/* remote-tracking branches on the mothership machine. You could use this as a back-up method. Likewise, you can pretend that mothership "fetched" from you (useful when access is one sided). 5. on mothership machine, merge the work done on the satellite machine into the master branch. Branch off of a specific tag. $ git checkout -b private2.6.14 v2.6.14 (1) $ edit/compile/test; git commit -a $ git checkout master $ git cherry-pick v2.6.14..private2.6.14 (2) 1. create a private branch based on a well known (but somewhat behind) tag. 2. forward port all changes in private2.6.14 branch to master branch without a formal "merging". Or longhand git format-patch -k -m --stdout v2.6.14..private2.6.14 | git am -3 -k An alternate participant submission mechanism is using the git request-pull or pull-request mechanisms (e.g as used on GitHub (www.github.com) to notify your upstream of your contribution.
INTEGRATOR
A fairly central person acting as the integrator in a group project receives changes made by others, reviews and integrates them and publishes the result for others to use, using these commands in addition to the ones needed by participants. This section can also be used by those who respond to git request-pull or pull-request on GitHub (www.github.com) to integrate the work of others into their history. An sub-area lieutenant for a repository will act both as a participant and as an integrator. * git-am(1) to apply patches e-mailed in from your contributors. * git-pull(1) to merge from your trusted lieutenants. * git-format-patch(1) to prepare and send suggested alternative to contributors. * git-revert(1) to undo botched commits. * git-push(1) to publish the bleeding edge. Examples A typical integrator's Git day. $ git status (1) $ git branch --no-merged master (2) $ mailx (3) & s 2 3 4 5 ./+to-apply & s 7 8 ./+hold-linus & q $ git checkout -b topic/one master $ git am -3 -i -s ./+to-apply (4) $ compile/test $ git checkout -b hold/linus && git am -3 -i -s ./+hold-linus (5) $ git checkout topic/one && git rebase master (6) $ git checkout pu && git reset --hard next (7) $ git merge topic/one topic/two && git merge hold/linus (8) $ git checkout maint $ git cherry-pick master~4 (9) $ compile/test $ git tag -s -m "GIT 0.99.9x" v0.99.9x (10) $ git fetch ko && for branch in master maint next pu (11) do git show-branch ko/$branch $branch (12) done $ git push --follow-tags ko (13) 1. see what you were in the middle of doing, if anything. 2. see which branches haven't been merged into master yet. Likewise for any other integration branches e.g. maint, next and pu (potential updates). 3. read mails, save ones that are applicable, and save others that are not quite ready (other mail readers are available). 4. apply them, interactively, with your sign-offs. 5. create topic branch as needed and apply, again with sign-offs. 6. rebase internal topic branch that has not been merged to the master or exposed as a part of a stable branch. 7. restart pu every time from the next. 8. and bundle topic branches still cooking. 9. backport a critical fix. 10. create a signed tag. 11. make sure master was not accidentally rewound beyond that already pushed out. ko shorthand points at the Git maintainer's repository at kernel.org, and looks like this: (in .git/config) [remote "ko"] url = kernel.org:/pub/scm/git/git.git fetch = refs/heads/*:refs/remotes/ko/* push = refs/heads/master push = refs/heads/next push = +refs/heads/pu push = refs/heads/maint 12. In the output from git show-branch, master should have everything ko/master has, and next should have everything ko/next has, etc. 13. push out the bleeding edge, together with new tags that point into the pushed history.
REPOSITORY ADMINISTRATION
A repository administrator uses the following tools to set up and maintain access to the repository by developers. * git-daemon(1) to allow anonymous download from repository. * git-shell(1) can be used as a restricted login shell for shared central repository users. * git-http-backend(1) provides a server side implementation of Git-over-HTTP ("Smart http") allowing both fetch and push services. * gitweb(1) provides a web front-end to Git repositories, which can be set-up using the git-instaweb(1) script. update hook howto[1] has a good example of managing a shared central repository. In addition there are a number of other widely deployed hosting, browsing and reviewing solutions such as: * gitolite, gerrit code review, cgit and others. Examples We assume the following in /etc/services $ grep 9418 /etc/services git 9418/tcp # Git Version Control System Run git-daemon to serve /pub/scm from inetd. $ grep git /etc/inetd.conf git stream tcp nowait nobody \ /usr/bin/git-daemon git-daemon --inetd --export-all /pub/scm The actual configuration line should be on one line. Run git-daemon to serve /pub/scm from xinetd. $ cat /etc/xinetd.d/git-daemon # default: off # description: The Git server offers access to Git repositories service git { disable = no type = UNLISTED port = 9418 socket_type = stream wait = no user = nobody server = /usr/bin/git-daemon server_args = --inetd --export-all --base-path=/pub/scm log_on_failure += USERID } Check your xinetd(8) documentation and setup, this is from a Fedora system. Others might be different. Give push/pull only access to developers using git-over-ssh. e.g. those using: $ git push/pull ssh://host.xz/pub/scm/project $ grep git /etc/passwd (1) alice:x:1000:1000::/home/alice:/usr/bin/git-shell bob:x:1001:1001::/home/bob:/usr/bin/git-shell cindy:x:1002:1002::/home/cindy:/usr/bin/git-shell david:x:1003:1003::/home/david:/usr/bin/git-shell $ grep git /etc/shells (2) /usr/bin/git-shell 1. log-in shell is set to /usr/bin/git-shell, which does not allow anything but git push and git pull. The users require ssh access to the machine. 2. in many distributions /etc/shells needs to list what is used as the login shell. CVS-style shared repository. $ grep git /etc/group (1) git:x:9418:alice,bob,cindy,david $ cd /home/devo.git $ ls -l (2) lrwxrwxrwx 1 david git 17 Dec 4 22:40 HEAD -> refs/heads/master drwxrwsr-x 2 david git 4096 Dec 4 22:40 branches -rw-rw-r-- 1 david git 84 Dec 4 22:40 config -rw-rw-r-- 1 david git 58 Dec 4 22:40 description drwxrwsr-x 2 david git 4096 Dec 4 22:40 hooks -rw-rw-r-- 1 david git 37504 Dec 4 22:40 index drwxrwsr-x 2 david git 4096 Dec 4 22:40 info drwxrwsr-x 4 david git 4096 Dec 4 22:40 objects drwxrwsr-x 4 david git 4096 Nov 7 14:58 refs drwxrwsr-x 2 david git 4096 Dec 4 22:40 remotes $ ls -l hooks/update (3) -r-xr-xr-x 1 david git 3536 Dec 4 22:40 update $ cat info/allowed-users (4) refs/heads/master alice\|cindy refs/heads/doc-update bob refs/tags/v[0-9]* david 1. place the developers into the same git group. 2. and make the shared repository writable by the group. 3. use update-hook example by Carl from Documentation/howto/ for branch policy control. 4. alice and cindy can push into master, only bob can push into doc-update. david is the release manager and is the only person who can create and push version tags.
GIT
Part of the git(1) suite
NOTES
1. update hook howto
file:///usr/share/doc/git/html/howto/update-hook-example.html
Opportunity
Personal Opportunity - Free software gives you access to billions of dollars of software at no cost. Use this software for your business, personal use or to develop a profitable skill. Access to source code provides access to a level of capabilities/information that companies protect though copyrights. Open source is a core component of the Internet and it is available to you. Leverage the billions of dollars in resources and capabilities to build a career, establish a business or change the world. The potential is endless for those who understand the opportunity.
Business Opportunity - Goldman Sachs, IBM and countless large corporations are leveraging open source to reduce costs, develop products and increase their bottom lines. Learn what these companies know about open source and how open source can give you the advantage.
Free Software
Free Software provides computer programs and capabilities at no cost but more importantly, it provides the freedom to run, edit, contribute to, and share the software. The importance of free software is a matter of access, not price. Software at no cost is a benefit but ownership rights to the software and source code is far more significant.
Free Office Software - The Libre Office suite provides top desktop productivity tools for free. This includes, a word processor, spreadsheet, presentation engine, drawing and flowcharting, database and math applications. Libre Office is available for Linux or Windows.
Free Books
The Free Books Library is a collection of thousands of the most popular public domain books in an online readable format. The collection includes great classical literature and more recent works where the U.S. copyright has expired. These books are yours to read and use without restrictions.
Source Code - Want to change a program or know how it works? Open Source provides the source code for its programs so that anyone can use, modify or learn how to write those programs themselves. Visit the GNU source code repositories to download the source.
Education
Study at Harvard, Stanford or MIT - Open edX provides free online courses from Harvard, MIT, Columbia, UC Berkeley and other top Universities. Hundreds of courses for almost all major subjects and course levels. Open edx also offers some paid courses and selected certifications.
Linux Manual Pages - A man or manual page is a form of software documentation found on Linux/Unix operating systems. Topics covered include computer programs (including library and system calls), formal standards and conventions, and even abstract concepts.
