git-reset(1)
NAME
git-reset - Reset current HEAD to the specified state
SYNOPSIS
git reset [-q] [<tree-ish>] [--] <paths>... git reset (--patch | -p) [<tree-ish>] [--] [<paths>...] git reset [--soft | --mixed [-N] | --hard | --merge | --keep] [-q] [<commit>]
DESCRIPTION
In the first and second form, copy entries from <tree-ish> to the
index. In the third form, set the current branch head (HEAD) to
<commit>, optionally modifying index and working tree to match. The
<tree-ish>/<commit> defaults to HEAD in all forms.
git reset [-q] [<tree-ish>] [--] <paths>...
This form resets the index entries for all <paths> to their state
at <tree-ish>. (It does not affect the working tree or the current
branch.)
This means that git reset <paths> is the opposite of git add
<paths>.
After running git reset <paths> to update the index entry, you can
use git-checkout(1) to check the contents out of the index to the
working tree. Alternatively, using git-checkout(1) and specifying a
commit, you can copy the contents of a path out of a commit to the
index and to the working tree in one go.
git reset (--patch | -p) [<tree-ish>] [--] [<paths>...]
Interactively select hunks in the difference between the index and
<tree-ish> (defaults to HEAD). The chosen hunks are applied in
reverse to the index.
This means that git reset -p is the opposite of git add -p, i.e.
you can use it to selectively reset hunks. See the "Interactive
Mode" section of git-add(1) to learn how to operate the --patch
mode.
git reset [<mode>] [<commit>]
This form resets the current branch head to <commit> and possibly
updates the index (resetting it to the tree of <commit>) and the
working tree depending on <mode>. If <mode> is omitted, defaults to
"--mixed". The <mode> must be one of the following:
--soft
Does not touch the index file or the working tree at all (but
resets the head to <commit>, just like all modes do). This
leaves all your changed files "Changes to be committed", as git
status would put it.
--mixed
Resets the index but not the working tree (i.e., the changed
files are preserved but not marked for commit) and reports what
has not been updated. This is the default action.
If -N is specified, removed paths are marked as intent-to-add
(see git-add(1)).
--hard
Resets the index and working tree. Any changes to tracked files
in the working tree since <commit> are discarded.
--merge
Resets the index and updates the files in the working tree that
are different between <commit> and HEAD, but keeps those which
are different between the index and working tree (i.e. which
have changes which have not been added). If a file that is
different between <commit> and the index has unstaged changes,
reset is aborted.
In other words, --merge does something like a git read-tree -u
-m <commit>, but carries forward unmerged index entries.
--keep
Resets index entries and updates files in the working tree that
are different between <commit> and HEAD. If a file that is
different between <commit> and HEAD has local changes, reset is
aborted.
If you want to undo a commit other than the latest on a branch, git-
revert(1) is your friend.
OPTIONS
-q, --quiet
Be quiet, only report errors.
EXAMPLES
Undo add
$ edit (1)
$ git add frotz.c filfre.c
$ mailx (2)
$ git reset (3)
$ git pull git://info.example.com/ nitfol (4)
1. You are happily working on something, and find the changes in
these files are in good order. You do not want to see them when you
run "git diff", because you plan to work on other files and changes
with these files are distracting.
2. Somebody asks you to pull, and the changes sounds worthy of
merging.
3. However, you already dirtied the index (i.e. your index does not
match the HEAD commit). But you know the pull you are going to make
does not affect frotz.c or filfre.c, so you revert the index
changes for these two files. Your changes in working tree remain
there.
4. Then you can pull and merge, leaving frotz.c and filfre.c
changes still in the working tree.
Undo a commit and redo
$ git commit ...
$ git reset --soft HEAD^ (1)
$ edit (2)
$ git commit -a -c ORIG_HEAD (3)
1. This is most often done when you remembered what you just
committed is incomplete, or you misspelled your commit message, or
both. Leaves working tree as it was before "reset".
2. Make corrections to working tree files.
3. "reset" copies the old head to .git/ORIG_HEAD; redo the commit
by starting with its log message. If you do not need to edit the
message further, you can give -C option instead.
See also the --amend option to git-commit(1).
Undo a commit, making it a topic branch
$ git branch topic/wip (1)
$ git reset --hard HEAD~3 (2)
$ git checkout topic/wip (3)
1. You have made some commits, but realize they were premature to
be in the "master" branch. You want to continue polishing them in a
topic branch, so create "topic/wip" branch off of the current HEAD.
2. Rewind the master branch to get rid of those three commits.
3. Switch to "topic/wip" branch and keep working.
Undo commits permanently
$ git commit ...
$ git reset --hard HEAD~3 (1)
1. The last three commits (HEAD, HEAD^, and HEAD~2) were bad and
you do not want to ever see them again. Do not do this if you have
already given these commits to somebody else. (See the "RECOVERING
FROM UPSTREAM REBASE" section in git-rebase(1) for the implications
of doing so.)
Undo a merge or pull
$ git pull (1)
Auto-merging nitfol
CONFLICT (content): Merge conflict in nitfol
Automatic merge failed; fix conflicts and then commit the result.
$ git reset --hard (2)
$ git pull . topic/branch (3)
Updating from 41223... to 13134...
Fast-forward
$ git reset --hard ORIG_HEAD (4)
1. Try to update from the upstream resulted in a lot of conflicts;
you were not ready to spend a lot of time merging right now, so you
decide to do that later.
2. "pull" has not made merge commit, so "git reset --hard" which is
a synonym for "git reset --hard HEAD" clears the mess from the
index file and the working tree.
3. Merge a topic branch into the current branch, which resulted in
a fast-forward.
4. But you decided that the topic branch is not ready for public
consumption yet. "pull" or "merge" always leaves the original tip
of the current branch in ORIG_HEAD, so resetting hard to it brings
your index file and the working tree back to that state, and resets
the tip of the branch to that commit.
Undo a merge or pull inside a dirty working tree
$ git pull (1)
Auto-merging nitfol
Merge made by recursive.
nitfol | 20 +++++----
...
$ git reset --merge ORIG_HEAD (2)
1. Even if you may have local modifications in your working tree,
you can safely say "git pull" when you know that the change in the
other branch does not overlap with them.
2. After inspecting the result of the merge, you may find that the
change in the other branch is unsatisfactory. Running "git reset
--hard ORIG_HEAD" will let you go back to where you were, but it
will discard your local changes, which you do not want. "git reset
--merge" keeps your local changes.
Interrupted workflow
Suppose you are interrupted by an urgent fix request while you are
in the middle of a large change. The files in your working tree are
not in any shape to be committed yet, but you need to get to the
other branch for a quick bugfix.
$ git checkout feature ;# you were working in "feature" branch and
$ work work work ;# got interrupted
$ git commit -a -m "snapshot WIP" (1)
$ git checkout master
$ fix fix fix
$ git commit ;# commit with real log
$ git checkout feature
$ git reset --soft HEAD^ ;# go back to WIP state (2)
$ git reset (3)
1. This commit will get blown away so a throw-away log message is
OK.
2. This removes the WIP commit from the commit history, and sets
your working tree to the state just before you made that snapshot.
3. At this point the index file still has all the WIP changes you
committed as snapshot WIP. This updates the index to show your WIP
files as uncommitted.
See also git-stash(1).
Reset a single file in the index
Suppose you have added a file to your index, but later decide you
do not want to add it to your commit. You can remove the file from
the index while keeping your changes with git reset.
$ git reset -- frotz.c (1)
$ git commit -m "Commit files in index" (2)
$ git add frotz.c (3)
1. This removes the file from the index while keeping it in the
working directory.
2. This commits all other changes in the index.
3. Adds the file to the index again.
Keep changes in working tree while discarding some previous commits
Suppose you are working on something and you commit it, and then
you continue working a bit more, but now you think that what you
have in your working tree should be in another branch that has
nothing to do with what you committed previously. You can start a
new branch and reset it while keeping the changes in your working
tree.
$ git tag start
$ git checkout -b branch1
$ edit
$ git commit ... (1)
$ edit
$ git checkout -b branch2 (2)
$ git reset --keep start (3)
1. This commits your first edits in branch1.
2. In the ideal world, you could have realized that the earlier
commit did not belong to the new topic when you created and
switched to branch2 (i.e. "git checkout -b branch2 start"), but
nobody is perfect.
3. But you can use "reset --keep" to remove the unwanted commit
after you switched to "branch2".
DISCUSSION
The tables below show what happens when running:
git reset --option target
to reset the HEAD to another commit (target) with the different reset
options depending on the state of the files.
In these tables, A, B, C and D are some different states of a file. For
example, the first line of the first table means that if a file is in
state A in the working tree, in state B in the index, in state C in
HEAD and in state D in the target, then "git reset --soft target" will
leave the file in the working tree in state A and in the index in state
B. It resets (i.e. moves) the HEAD (i.e. the tip of the current branch,
if you are on one) to "target" (which has the file in state D).
working index HEAD target working index HEAD
----------------------------------------------------
A B C D --soft A B D
--mixed A D D
--hard D D D
--merge (disallowed)
--keep (disallowed)
working index HEAD target working index HEAD
----------------------------------------------------
A B C C --soft A B C
--mixed A C C
--hard C C C
--merge (disallowed)
--keep A C C
working index HEAD target working index HEAD
----------------------------------------------------
B B C D --soft B B D
--mixed B D D
--hard D D D
--merge D D D
--keep (disallowed)
working index HEAD target working index HEAD
----------------------------------------------------
B B C C --soft B B C
--mixed B C C
--hard C C C
--merge C C C
--keep B C C
working index HEAD target working index HEAD
----------------------------------------------------
B C C D --soft B C D
--mixed B D D
--hard D D D
--merge (disallowed)
--keep (disallowed)
working index HEAD target working index HEAD
----------------------------------------------------
B C C C --soft B C C
--mixed B C C
--hard C C C
--merge B C C
--keep B C C
"reset --merge" is meant to be used when resetting out of a conflicted
merge. Any mergy operation guarantees that the working tree file that
is involved in the merge does not have local change wrt the index
before it starts, and that it writes the result out to the working
tree. So if we see some difference between the index and the target and
also between the index and the working tree, then it means that we are
not resetting out from a state that a mergy operation left after
failing with a conflict. That is why we disallow --merge option in this
case.
"reset --keep" is meant to be used when removing some of the last
commits in the current branch while keeping changes in the working
tree. If there could be conflicts between the changes in the commit we
want to remove and the changes in the working tree we want to keep, the
reset is disallowed. That's why it is disallowed if there are both
changes between the working tree and HEAD, and between HEAD and the
target. To be safe, it is also disallowed when there are unmerged
entries.
The following tables show what happens when there are unmerged entries:
working index HEAD target working index HEAD
----------------------------------------------------
X U A B --soft (disallowed)
--mixed X B B
--hard B B B
--merge B B B
--keep (disallowed)
working index HEAD target working index HEAD
----------------------------------------------------
X U A A --soft (disallowed)
--mixed X A A
--hard A A A
--merge A A A
--keep (disallowed)
X means any state and U means an unmerged index.
GIT
Part of the git(1) suite
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