journalctl(1)
NAME
journalctl - Query the systemd journal
SYNOPSIS
journalctl [OPTIONS...] [MATCHES...]
DESCRIPTION
journalctl may be used to query the contents of the systemd(1) journal as written by systemd-journald.service(8). If called without parameters, it will show the full contents of the journal, starting with the oldest entry collected. If one or more match arguments are passed, the output is filtered accordingly. A match is in the format "FIELD=VALUE", e.g. "_SYSTEMD_UNIT=httpd.service", referring to the components of a structured journal entry. See systemd.journal-fields(7) for a list of well-known fields. If multiple matches are specified matching different fields, the log entries are filtered by both, i.e. the resulting output will show only entries matching all the specified matches of this kind. If two matches apply to the same field, then they are automatically matched as alternatives, i.e. the resulting output will show entries matching any of the specified matches for the same field. Finally, the character "+" may appear as a separate word between other terms on the command line. This causes all matches before and after to be combined in a disjunction (i.e. logical OR). It is also possible to filter the entries by specifying an absolute file path as an argument. The file path may be a file or a symbolic link and the file must exist at the time of the query. If a file path refers to an executable binary, an "_EXE=" match for the canonicalized binary path is added to the query. If a file path refers to an executable script, a "_COMM=" match for the script name is added to the query. If a file path refers to a device node, "_KERNEL_DEVICE=" matches for the kernel name of the device and for each of its ancestor devices is added to the query. Symbolic links are dereferenced, kernel names are synthesized, and parent devices are identified from the environment at the time of the query. In general, a device node is the best proxy for an actual device, as log entries do not usually contain fields that identify an actual device. For the resulting log entries to be correct for the actual device, the relevant parts of the environment at the time the entry was logged, in particular the actual device corresponding to the device node, must have been the same as those at the time of the query. Because device nodes generally change their corresponding devices across reboots, specifying a device node path causes the resulting entries to be restricted to those from the current boot. Additional constraints may be added using options --boot, --unit=, etc., to further limit what entries will be shown (logical AND). Output is interleaved from all accessible journal files, whether they are rotated or currently being written, and regardless of whether they belong to the system itself or are accessible user journals. The set of journal files which will be used can be modified using the --user, --system, --directory, and --file options, see below. All users are granted access to their private per-user journals. However, by default, only root and users who are members of a few special groups are granted access to the system journal and the journals of other users. Members of the groups "systemd-journal", "adm", and "wheel" can read all journal files. Note that the two latter groups traditionally have additional privileges specified by the distribution. Members of the "wheel" group can often perform administrative tasks. The output is paged through less by default, and long lines are "truncated" to screen width. The hidden part can be viewed by using the left-arrow and right-arrow keys. Paging can be disabled; see the --no-pager option and the "Environment" section below. When outputting to a tty, lines are colored according to priority: lines of level ERROR and higher are colored red; lines of level NOTICE and higher are highlighted; other lines are displayed normally.
OPTIONS
The following options are understood:
--no-full, --full, -l
Ellipsize fields when they do not fit in available columns. The
default is to show full fields, allowing them to wrap or be
truncated by the pager, if one is used.
The old options -l/--full are not useful anymore, except to undo
--no-full.
-a, --all
Show all fields in full, even if they include unprintable
characters or are very long.
-f, --follow
Show only the most recent journal entries, and continuously print
new entries as they are appended to the journal.
-e, --pager-end
Immediately jump to the end of the journal inside the implied pager
tool. This implies -n1000 to guarantee that the pager will not
buffer logs of unbounded size. This may be overridden with an
explicit -n with some other numeric value, while -nall will disable
this cap. Note that this option is only supported for the less(1)
pager.
-n, --lines=
Show the most recent journal events and limit the number of events
shown. If --follow is used, this option is implied. The argument is
a positive integer or "all" to disable line limiting. The default
value is 10 if no argument is given.
--no-tail
Show all stored output lines, even in follow mode. Undoes the
effect of --lines=.
-r, --reverse
Reverse output so that the newest entries are displayed first.
-o, --output=
Controls the formatting of the journal entries that are shown.
Takes one of the following options:
short
is the default and generates an output that is mostly identical
to the formatting of classic syslog files, showing one line per
journal entry.
short-full
is very similar, but shows timestamps in the format the
--since= and --until= options accept. Unlike the timestamp
information shown in short output mode this mode includes
weekday, year and timezone information in the output, and is
locale-independent.
short-iso
is very similar, but shows ISO 8601 wallclock timestamps.
short-precise
is very similar, but shows timestamps with full microsecond
precision.
short-monotonic
is very similar, but shows monotonic timestamps instead of
wallclock timestamps.
short-unix
is very similar, but shows seconds passed since January 1st
1970 UTC instead of wallclock timestamps ("UNIX time"). The
time is shown with microsecond accuracy.
verbose
shows the full-structured entry items with all fields.
export
serializes the journal into a binary (but mostly text-based)
stream suitable for backups and network transfer (see Journal
Export Format[1] for more information).
json
formats entries as JSON data structures, one per line (see
Journal JSON Format[2] for more information).
json-pretty
formats entries as JSON data structures, but formats them in
multiple lines in order to make them more readable by humans.
json-sse
formats entries as JSON data structures, but wraps them in a
format suitable for Server-Sent Events[3].
cat
generates a very terse output, only showing the actual message
of each journal entry with no metadata, not even a timestamp.
--utc
Express time in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC).
--no-hostname
Don't show the hostname field of log messages originating from the
local host. This switch only has an effect on the short family of
output modes (see above).
-x, --catalog
Augment log lines with explanation texts from the message catalog.
This will add explanatory help texts to log messages in the output
where this is available. These short help texts will explain the
context of an error or log event, possible solutions, as well as
pointers to support forums, developer documentation, and any other
relevant manuals. Note that help texts are not available for all
messages, but only for selected ones. For more information on the
message catalog, please refer to the Message Catalog Developer
Documentation[4].
Note: when attaching journalctl output to bug reports, please do
not use -x.
-q, --quiet
Suppresses all info messages (i.e. "-- Logs begin at ...", "--
Reboot --"), any warning messages regarding inaccessible system
journals when run as a normal user.
-m, --merge
Show entries interleaved from all available journals, including
remote ones.
-b [ID][offset], --boot=[ID][offset]
Show messages from a specific boot. This will add a match for
"_BOOT_ID=".
The argument may be empty, in which case logs for the current boot
will be shown.
If the boot ID is omitted, a positive offset will look up the boots
starting from the beginning of the journal, and an
equal-or-less-than zero offset will look up boots starting from the
end of the journal. Thus, 1 means the first boot found in the
journal in chronological order, 2 the second and so on; while -0 is
the last boot, -1 the boot before last, and so on. An empty offset
is equivalent to specifying -0, except when the current boot is not
the last boot (e.g. because --directory was specified to look at
logs from a different machine).
If the 32-character ID is specified, it may optionally be followed
by offset which identifies the boot relative to the one given by
boot ID. Negative values mean earlier boots and positive values
mean later boots. If offset is not specified, a value of zero is
assumed, and the logs for the boot given by ID are shown.
--list-boots
Show a tabular list of boot numbers (relative to the current boot),
their IDs, and the timestamps of the first and last message
pertaining to the boot.
-k, --dmesg
Show only kernel messages. This implies -b and adds the match
"_TRANSPORT=kernel".
-t, --identifier=SYSLOG_IDENTIFIER
Show messages for the specified syslog identifier
SYSLOG_IDENTIFIER.
This parameter can be specified multiple times.
-u, --unit=UNIT|PATTERN
Show messages for the specified systemd unit UNIT (such as a
service unit), or for any of the units matched by PATTERN. If a
pattern is specified, a list of unit names found in the journal is
compared with the specified pattern and all that match are used.
For each unit name, a match is added for messages from the unit
("_SYSTEMD_UNIT=UNIT"), along with additional matches for messages
from systemd and messages about coredumps for the specified unit.
This parameter can be specified multiple times.
--user-unit=
Show messages for the specified user session unit. This will add a
match for messages from the unit ("_SYSTEMD_USER_UNIT=" and
"_UID=") and additional matches for messages from session systemd
and messages about coredumps for the specified unit.
This parameter can be specified multiple times.
-p, --priority=
Filter output by message priorities or priority ranges. Takes
either a single numeric or textual log level (i.e. between
0/"emerg" and 7/"debug"), or a range of numeric/text log levels in
the form FROM..TO. The log levels are the usual syslog log levels
as documented in syslog(3), i.e. "emerg" (0), "alert" (1),
"crit" (2), "err" (3), "warning" (4), "notice" (5), "info" (6),
"debug" (7). If a single log level is specified, all messages with
this log level or a lower (hence more important) log level are
shown. If a range is specified, all messages within the range are
shown, including both the start and the end value of the range.
This will add "PRIORITY=" matches for the specified priorities.
-c, --cursor=
Start showing entries from the location in the journal specified by
the passed cursor.
--after-cursor=
Start showing entries from the location in the journal after the
location specified by the passed cursor. The cursor is shown when
the --show-cursor option is used.
--show-cursor
The cursor is shown after the last entry after two dashes:
-- cursor: s=0639...
The format of the cursor is private and subject to change.
-S, --since=, -U, --until=
Start showing entries on or newer than the specified date, or on or
older than the specified date, respectively. Date specifications
should be of the format "2012-10-30 18:17:16". If the time part is
omitted, "00:00:00" is assumed. If only the seconds component is
omitted, ":00" is assumed. If the date component is omitted, the
current day is assumed. Alternatively the strings "yesterday",
"today", "tomorrow" are understood, which refer to 00:00:00 of the
day before the current day, the current day, or the day after the
current day, respectively. "now" refers to the current time.
Finally, relative times may be specified, prefixed with "-" or "+",
referring to times before or after the current time, respectively.
For complete time and date specification, see systemd.time(7). Note
that --output=short-full prints timestamps that follow precisely
this format.
-F, --field=
Print all possible data values the specified field can take in all
entries of the journal.
-N, --fields
Print all field names currently used in all entries of the journal.
--system, --user
Show messages from system services and the kernel (with --system).
Show messages from service of current user (with --user). If
neither is specified, show all messages that the user can see.
-M, --machine=
Show messages from a running, local container. Specify a container
name to connect to.
-D DIR, --directory=DIR
Takes a directory path as argument. If specified, journalctl will
operate on the specified journal directory DIR instead of the
default runtime and system journal paths.
--file=GLOB
Takes a file glob as an argument. If specified, journalctl will
operate on the specified journal files matching GLOB instead of the
default runtime and system journal paths. May be specified multiple
times, in which case files will be suitably interleaved.
--root=ROOT
Takes a directory path as an argument. If specified, journalctl
will operate on journal directories and catalog file hierarchy
underneath the specified directory instead of the root directory
(e.g. --update-catalog will create
ROOT/var/lib/systemd/catalog/database, and journal files under
ROOT/run/journal or ROOT/var/log/journal will be displayed).
--new-id128
Instead of showing journal contents, generate a new 128-bit ID
suitable for identifying messages. This is intended for usage by
developers who need a new identifier for a new message they
introduce and want to make recognizable. This will print the new ID
in three different formats which can be copied into source code or
similar.
--header
Instead of showing journal contents, show internal header
information of the journal fields accessed.
--disk-usage
Shows the current disk usage of all journal files. This shows the
sum of the disk usage of all archived and active journal files.
--vacuum-size=, --vacuum-time=, --vacuum-files=
Removes archived journal files until the disk space they use falls
below the specified size (specified with the usual "K", "M", "G"
and "T" suffixes), or all archived journal files contain no data
older than the specified timespan (specified with the usual "s",
"m", "h", "days", "months", "weeks" and "years" suffixes), or no
more than the specified number of separate journal files remain.
Note that running --vacuum-size= has only an indirect effect on the
output shown by --disk-usage, as the latter includes active journal
files, while the vacuuming operation only operates on archived
journal files. Similarly, --vacuum-files= might not actually reduce
the number of journal files to below the specified number, as it
will not remove active journal files. --vacuum-size=,
--vacuum-time= and --vacuum-files= may be combined in a single
invocation to enforce any combination of a size, a time and a
number of files limit on the archived journal files. Specifying any
of these three parameters as zero is equivalent to not enforcing
the specific limit, and is thus redundant.
--list-catalog [128-bit-ID...]
List the contents of the message catalog as a table of message IDs,
plus their short description strings.
If any 128-bit-IDs are specified, only those entries are shown.
--dump-catalog [128-bit-ID...]
Show the contents of the message catalog, with entries separated by
a line consisting of two dashes and the ID (the format is the same
as .catalog files).
If any 128-bit-IDs are specified, only those entries are shown.
--update-catalog
Update the message catalog index. This command needs to be executed
each time new catalog files are installed, removed, or updated to
rebuild the binary catalog index.
--setup-keys
Instead of showing journal contents, generate a new key pair for
Forward Secure Sealing (FSS). This will generate a sealing key and
a verification key. The sealing key is stored in the journal data
directory and shall remain on the host. The verification key should
be stored externally. Refer to the Seal= option in journald.conf(5)
for information on Forward Secure Sealing and for a link to a
refereed scholarly paper detailing the cryptographic theory it is
based on.
--force
When --setup-keys is passed and Forward Secure Sealing (FSS) has
already been configured, recreate FSS keys.
--interval=
Specifies the change interval for the sealing key when generating
an FSS key pair with --setup-keys. Shorter intervals increase CPU
consumption but shorten the time range of undetectable journal
alterations. Defaults to 15min.
--verify
Check the journal file for internal consistency. If the file has
been generated with FSS enabled and the FSS verification key has
been specified with --verify-key=, authenticity of the journal file
is verified.
--verify-key=
Specifies the FSS verification key to use for the --verify
operation.
--sync
Asks the journal daemon to write all yet unwritten journal data to
the backing file system and synchronize all journals. This call
does not return until the synchronization operation is complete.
This command guarantees that any log messages written before its
invocation are safely stored on disk at the time it returns.
--flush
Asks the journal daemon to flush any log data stored in
/run/log/journal into /var/log/journal, if persistent storage is
enabled. This call does not return until the operation is complete.
Note that this call is idempotent: the data is only flushed from
/run/log/journal into /var/log/journal once during system runtime,
and this command exits cleanly without executing any operation if
this has already happened. This command effectively guarantees that
all data is flushed to /var/log/journal at the time it returns.
--rotate
Asks the journal daemon to rotate journal files. This call does not
return until the rotation operation is complete.
-h, --help
Print a short help text and exit.
--version
Print a short version string and exit.
--no-pager
Do not pipe output into a pager.
EXIT STATUS
On success, 0 is returned; otherwise, a non-zero failure code is returned.
ENVIRONMENT
$SYSTEMD_PAGER
Pager to use when --no-pager is not given; overrides $PAGER. If
neither $SYSTEMD_PAGER nor $PAGER are set, a set of well-known
pager implementations are tried in turn, including less(1) and
more(1), until one is found. If no pager implementation is
discovered no pager is invoked. Setting this environment variable
to an empty string or the value "cat" is equivalent to passing
--no-pager.
$SYSTEMD_LESS
Override the options passed to less (by default "FRSXMK").
$SYSTEMD_LESSCHARSET
Override the charset passed to less (by default "utf-8", if the
invoking terminal is determined to be UTF-8 compatible).
EXAMPLES
Without arguments, all collected logs are shown unfiltered:
journalctl
With one match specified, all entries with a field matching the
expression are shown:
journalctl _SYSTEMD_UNIT=avahi-daemon.service
If two different fields are matched, only entries matching both
expressions at the same time are shown:
journalctl _SYSTEMD_UNIT=avahi-daemon.service _PID=28097
If two matches refer to the same field, all entries matching either
expression are shown:
journalctl _SYSTEMD_UNIT=avahi-daemon.service _SYSTEMD_UNIT=dbus.service
If the separator "+" is used, two expressions may be combined in a
logical OR. The following will show all messages from the Avahi service
process with the PID 28097 plus all messages from the D-Bus service
(from any of its processes):
journalctl _SYSTEMD_UNIT=avahi-daemon.service _PID=28097 + _SYSTEMD_UNIT=dbus.service
Show all logs generated by the D-Bus executable:
journalctl /usr/bin/dbus-daemon
Show all kernel logs from previous boot:
journalctl -k -b -1
Show a live log display from a system service apache.service:
journalctl -f -u apache
SEE ALSO
systemd(1), systemd-journald.service(8), systemctl(1), coredumpctl(1), systemd.journal-fields(7), journald.conf(5), systemd.time(7)
NOTES
1. Journal Export Format
http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/export
2. Journal JSON Format
http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/json
3. Server-Sent Events
https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Server-sent_events/Using_server-sent_events
4. Message Catalog Developer Documentation
http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/catalog
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