tc(8)
NAME
tc - show / manipulate traffic control settings
SYNOPSIS
tc [ OPTIONS ] qdisc [ add | change | replace | link | delete ] dev DEV
[ parent qdisc-id | root ] [ handle qdisc-id ] qdisc [ qdisc specific
parameters ]
tc [ OPTIONS ] class [ add | change | replace | delete ] dev DEV parent
qdisc-id [ classid class-id ] qdisc [ qdisc specific parameters ]
tc [ OPTIONS ] filter [ add | change | replace | delete ] dev DEV [
parent qdisc-id | root ] protocol protocol prio priority filtertype [
filtertype specific parameters ] flowid flow-id
tc [ OPTIONS ] [ FORMAT ] qdisc show [ dev DEV ]
tc [ OPTIONS ] [ FORMAT ] class show dev DEV
tc [ OPTIONS ] filter show dev DEV
OPTIONS := { [ -force ] -b[atch] [ filename ] | [ -n[etns] name ] | [
-nm | -nam[es] ] | [ { -cf | -c[onf] } [ filename ] ] }
FORMAT := { -s[tatistics] | -d[etails] | -r[aw] | -p[retty] | -i[ec] |
-g[raph] }
DESCRIPTION
Tc is used to configure Traffic Control in the Linux kernel. Traffic
Control consists of the following:
SHAPING
When traffic is shaped, its rate of transmission is under
control. Shaping may be more than lowering the available
bandwidth - it is also used to smooth out bursts in traffic for
better network behaviour. Shaping occurs on egress.
SCHEDULING
By scheduling the transmission of packets it is possible to
improve interactivity for traffic that needs it while still
guaranteeing bandwidth to bulk transfers. Reordering is also
called prioritizing, and happens only on egress.
POLICING
Whereas shaping deals with transmission of traffic, policing
pertains to traffic arriving. Policing thus occurs on ingress.
DROPPING
Traffic exceeding a set bandwidth may also be dropped forthwith,
both on ingress and on egress.
Processing of traffic is controlled by three kinds of objects: qdiscs,
classes and filters.
QDISCS
qdisc is short for 'queueing discipline' and it is elementary to understanding traffic control. Whenever the kernel needs to send a packet to an interface, it is enqueued to the qdisc configured for that interface. Immediately afterwards, the kernel tries to get as many packets as possible from the qdisc, for giving them to the network adaptor driver. A simple QDISC is the 'pfifo' one, which does no processing at all and is a pure First In, First Out queue. It does however store traffic when the network interface can't handle it momentarily.
CLASSES
Some qdiscs can contain classes, which contain further qdiscs - traffic may then be enqueued in any of the inner qdiscs, which are within the classes. When the kernel tries to dequeue a packet from such a classful qdisc it can come from any of the classes. A qdisc may for example prioritize certain kinds of traffic by trying to dequeue from certain classes before others.
FILTERS
A filter is used by a classful qdisc to determine in which class a
packet will be enqueued. Whenever traffic arrives at a class with
subclasses, it needs to be classified. Various methods may be employed
to do so, one of these are the filters. All filters attached to the
class are called, until one of them returns with a verdict. If no
verdict was made, other criteria may be available. This differs per
qdisc.
It is important to notice that filters reside within qdiscs - they are
not masters of what happens.
The available filters are:
basic Filter packets based on an ematch expression. See tc-ematch(8)
for details.
bpf Filter packets using (e)BPF, see tc-bpf(8) for details.
cgroup Filter packets based on the control group of their process. See
tc-cgroup(8) for details.
flow, flower
Flow-based classifiers, filtering packets based on their flow
(identified by selectable keys). See tc-flow(8) and tc-flower(8)
for details.
fw Filter based on fwmark. Directly maps fwmark value to traffic
class. See tc-fw(8).
route Filter packets based on routing table. See tc-route(8) for
details.
rsvp Match Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP) packets.
tcindex
Filter packets based on traffic control index. See tc-index(8).
u32 Generic filtering on arbitrary packet data, assisted by syntax
to abstract common operations. See tc-u32(8) for details.
CLASSLESS QDISCS
The classless qdiscs are:
choke CHOKe (CHOose and Keep for responsive flows, CHOose and Kill for
unresponsive flows) is a classless qdisc designed to both
identify and penalize flows that monopolize the queue. CHOKe is
a variation of RED, and the configuration is similar to RED.
codel CoDel (pronounced "coddle") is an adaptive "no-knobs" active
queue management algorithm (AQM) scheme that was developed to
address the shortcomings of RED and its variants.
[p|b]fifo
Simplest usable qdisc, pure First In, First Out behaviour.
Limited in packets or in bytes.
fq Fair Queue Scheduler realises TCP pacing and scales to millions
of concurrent flows per qdisc.
fq_codel
Fair Queuing Controlled Delay is queuing discipline that
combines Fair Queuing with the CoDel AQM scheme. FQ_Codel uses a
stochastic model to classify incoming packets into different
flows and is used to provide a fair share of the bandwidth to
all the flows using the queue. Each such flow is managed by the
CoDel queuing discipline. Reordering within a flow is avoided
since Codel internally uses a FIFO queue.
gred Generalized Random Early Detection combines multiple RED queues
in order to achieve multiple drop priorities. This is required
to realize Assured Forwarding (RFC 2597).
hhf Heavy-Hitter Filter differentiates between small flows and the
opposite, heavy-hitters. The goal is to catch the heavy-hitters
and move them to a separate queue with less priority so that
bulk traffic does not affect the latency of critical traffic.
ingress
This is a special qdisc as it applies to incoming traffic on an
interface, allowing for it to be filtered and policed.
mqprio The Multiqueue Priority Qdisc is a simple queuing discipline
that allows mapping traffic flows to hardware queue ranges using
priorities and a configurable priority to traffic class mapping.
A traffic class in this context is a set of contiguous qdisc
classes which map 1:1 to a set of hardware exposed queues.
multiq Multiqueue is a qdisc optimized for devices with multiple Tx
queues. It has been added for hardware that wishes to avoid
head-of-line blocking. It will cycle though the bands and
verify that the hardware queue associated with the band is not
stopped prior to dequeuing a packet.
netem Network Emulator is an enhancement of the Linux traffic control
facilities that allow to add delay, packet loss, duplication and
more other characteristics to packets outgoing from a selected
network interface.
pfifo_fast
Standard qdisc for 'Advanced Router' enabled kernels. Consists
of a three-band queue which honors Type of Service flags, as
well as the priority that may be assigned to a packet.
pie Proportional Integral controller-Enhanced (PIE) is a control
theoretic active queue management scheme. It is based on the
proportional integral controller but aims to control delay.
red Random Early Detection simulates physical congestion by randomly
dropping packets when nearing configured bandwidth allocation.
Well suited to very large bandwidth applications.
rr Round-Robin qdisc with support for multiqueue network devices.
Removed from Linux since kernel version 2.6.27.
sfb Stochastic Fair Blue is a classless qdisc to manage congestion
based on packet loss and link utilization history while trying
to prevent non-responsive flows (i.e. flows that do not react to
congestion marking or dropped packets) from impacting
performance of responsive flows. Unlike RED, where the marking
probability has to be configured, BLUE tries to determine the
ideal marking probability automatically.
sfq Stochastic Fairness Queueing reorders queued traffic so each
'session' gets to send a packet in turn.
tbf The Token Bucket Filter is suited for slowing traffic down to a
precisely configured rate. Scales well to large bandwidths.
CONFIGURING CLASSLESS QDISCS
In the absence of classful qdiscs, classless qdiscs can only be attached at the root of a device. Full syntax: tc qdisc add dev DEV root QDISC QDISC-PARAMETERS To remove, issue tc qdisc del dev DEV root The pfifo_fast qdisc is the automatic default in the absence of a configured qdisc.
CLASSFUL QDISCS
The classful qdiscs are:
ATM Map flows to virtual circuits of an underlying asynchronous
transfer mode device.
CBQ Class Based Queueing implements a rich linksharing hierarchy of
classes. It contains shaping elements as well as prioritizing
capabilities. Shaping is performed using link idle time
calculations based on average packet size and underlying link
bandwidth. The latter may be ill-defined for some interfaces.
DRR The Deficit Round Robin Scheduler is a more flexible replacement
for Stochastic Fairness Queuing. Unlike SFQ, there are no built-
in queues -- you need to add classes and then set up filters to
classify packets accordingly. This can be useful e.g. for using
RED qdiscs with different settings for particular traffic. There
is no default class -- if a packet cannot be classified, it is
dropped.
DSMARK Classify packets based on TOS field, change TOS field of packets
based on classification.
HFSC Hierarchical Fair Service Curve guarantees precise bandwidth and
delay allocation for leaf classes and allocates excess bandwidth
fairly. Unlike HTB, it makes use of packet dropping to achieve
low delays which interactive sessions benefit from.
HTB The Hierarchy Token Bucket implements a rich linksharing
hierarchy of classes with an emphasis on conforming to existing
practices. HTB facilitates guaranteeing bandwidth to classes,
while also allowing specification of upper limits to inter-class
sharing. It contains shaping elements, based on TBF and can
prioritize classes.
PRIO The PRIO qdisc is a non-shaping container for a configurable
number of classes which are dequeued in order. This allows for
easy prioritization of traffic, where lower classes are only
able to send if higher ones have no packets available. To
facilitate configuration, Type Of Service bits are honored by
default.
QFQ Quick Fair Queueing is an O(1) scheduler that provides near-
optimal guarantees, and is the first to achieve that goal with a
constant cost also with respect to the number of groups and the
packet length. The QFQ algorithm has no loops, and uses very
simple instructions and data structures that lend themselves
very well to a hardware implementation.
THEORY OF OPERATION
Classes form a tree, where each class has a single parent. A class may
have multiple children. Some qdiscs allow for runtime addition of
classes (CBQ, HTB) while others (PRIO) are created with a static number
of children.
Qdiscs which allow dynamic addition of classes can have zero or more
subclasses to which traffic may be enqueued.
Furthermore, each class contains a leaf qdisc which by default has
pfifo behaviour, although another qdisc can be attached in place. This
qdisc may again contain classes, but each class can have only one leaf
qdisc.
When a packet enters a classful qdisc it can be classified to one of
the classes within. Three criteria are available, although not all
qdiscs will use all three:
tc filters
If tc filters are attached to a class, they are consulted first
for relevant instructions. Filters can match on all fields of a
packet header, as well as on the firewall mark applied by
ipchains or iptables.
Type of Service
Some qdiscs have built in rules for classifying packets based on
the TOS field.
skb->priority
Userspace programs can encode a class-id in the 'skb->priority'
field using the SO_PRIORITY option.
Each node within the tree can have its own filters but higher level
filters may also point directly to lower classes.
If classification did not succeed, packets are enqueued to the leaf
qdisc attached to that class. Check qdisc specific manpages for
details, however.
NAMING
All qdiscs, classes and filters have IDs, which can either be specified
or be automatically assigned.
IDs consist of a major number and a minor number, separated by a colon
- major:minor. Both major and minor are hexadecimal numbers and are
limited to 16 bits. There are two special values: root is signified by
major and minor of all ones, and unspecified is all zeros.
QDISCS A qdisc, which potentially can have children, gets assigned a
major number, called a 'handle', leaving the minor number
namespace available for classes. The handle is expressed as
'10:'. It is customary to explicitly assign a handle to qdiscs
expected to have children.
CLASSES
Classes residing under a qdisc share their qdisc major number,
but each have a separate minor number called a 'classid' that
has no relation to their parent classes, only to their parent
qdisc. The same naming custom as for qdiscs applies.
FILTERS
Filters have a three part ID, which is only needed when using a
hashed filter hierarchy.
PARAMETERS
The following parameters are widely used in TC. For other parameters,
see the man pages for individual qdiscs.
RATES Bandwidths or rates. These parameters accept a floating point
number, possibly followed by a unit (both SI and IEC units
supported).
bit or a bare number
Bits per second
kbit Kilobits per second
mbit Megabits per second
gbit Gigabits per second
tbit Terabits per second
bps Bytes per second
kbps Kilobytes per second
mbps Megabytes per second
gbps Gigabytes per second
tbps Terabytes per second
To specify in IEC units, replace the SI prefix (k-, m-, g-, t-)
with IEC prefix (ki-, mi-, gi- and ti-) respectively.
TC store rates as a 32-bit unsigned integer in bps internally,
so we can specify a max rate of 4294967295 bps.
TIMES Length of time. Can be specified as a floating point number
followed by an optional unit:
s, sec or secs
Whole seconds
ms, msec or msecs
Milliseconds
us, usec, usecs or a bare number
Microseconds.
TC defined its own time unit (equal to microsecond) and stores
time values as 32-bit unsigned integer, thus we can specify a
max time value of 4294967295 usecs.
SIZES Amounts of data. Can be specified as a floating point number
followed by an optional unit:
b or a bare number
Bytes.
kbit Kilobits
kb or k
Kilobytes
mbit Megabits
mb or m
Megabytes
gbit Gigabits
gb or g
Gigabytes
TC stores sizes internally as 32-bit unsigned integer in byte,
so we can specify a max size of 4294967295 bytes.
VALUES Other values without a unit. These parameters are interpreted
as decimal by default, but you can indicate TC to interpret them
as octal and hexadecimal by adding a '0' or '0x' prefix
respectively.
TC COMMANDS
The following commands are available for qdiscs, classes and filter:
add Add a qdisc, class or filter to a node. For all entities, a
parent must be passed, either by passing its ID or by attaching
directly to the root of a device. When creating a qdisc or a
filter, it can be named with the handle parameter. A class is
named with the classid parameter.
delete A qdisc can be deleted by specifying its handle, which may also
be 'root'. All subclasses and their leaf qdiscs are
automatically deleted, as well as any filters attached to them.
change Some entities can be modified 'in place'. Shares the syntax of
'add', with the exception that the handle cannot be changed and
neither can the parent. In other words, change cannot move a
node.
replace
Performs a nearly atomic remove/add on an existing node id. If
the node does not exist yet it is created.
link Only available for qdiscs and performs a replace where the node
must exist already.
OPTIONS
-b, -b filename, -batch, -batch filename
read commands from provided file or standard input and invoke
them. First failure will cause termination of tc.
-force don't terminate tc on errors in batch mode. If there were any
errors during execution of the commands, the application return
code will be non zero.
-n, -net, -netns <NETNS>
switches tc to the specified network namespace NETNS. Actually
it just simplifies executing of:
ip netns exec NETNS tc [ OPTIONS ] OBJECT { COMMAND | help }
to
tc -n[etns] NETNS [ OPTIONS ] OBJECT { COMMAND | help }
-cf, -conf <FILENAME>
specifies path to the config file. This option is used in
conjuction with other options (e.g. -nm).
FORMAT
The show command has additional formatting options:
-s, -stats, -statistics
output more statistics about packet usage.
-d, -details
output more detailed information about rates and cell sizes.
-r, -raw
output raw hex values for handles.
-p, -pretty
decode filter offset and mask values to equivalent filter
commands based on TCP/IP.
-iec print rates in IEC units (ie. 1K = 1024).
-g, -graph
shows classes as ASCII graph. Prints generic stats info under
each class if -s option was specified. Classes can be filtered
only by dev option.
-nm, -name
resolve class name from /etc/iproute2/tc_cls file or from file
specified by -cf option. This file is just a mapping of classid
to class name:
# Here is comment
1:40 voip # Here is another comment
1:50 web
1:60 ftp
1:2 home
tc will not fail if -nm was specified without -cf option but
/etc/iproute2/tc_cls file does not exist, which makes it
possible to pass -nm option for creating tc alias.
EXAMPLES
tc -g class show dev eth0
Shows classes as ASCII graph on eth0 interface.
tc -g -s class show dev eth0
Shows classes as ASCII graph with stats info under each class.
HISTORY
tc was written by Alexey N. Kuznetsov and added in Linux 2.2.
SEE ALSO
tc-basic(8), tc-bfifo(8), tc-bpf(8), tc-cbq(8), tc-cgroup(8), tc- choke(8), tc-codel(8), tc-drr(8), tc-ematch(8), tc-flow(8), tc- flower(8), tc-fq(8), tc-fq_codel(8), tc-fw(8), tc-hfsc(7), tc-hfsc(8), tc-htb(8), tc-mqprio(8), tc-pfifo(8), tc-pfifo_fast(8), tc-red(8), tc- route(8), tc-sfb(8), tc-sfq(8), tc-stab(8), tc-tbf(8), tc-tcindex(8), tc-u32(8), User documentation at http://lartc.org/, but please direct bugreports and patches to: <netdev@vger.kernel.org>
AUTHOR
Manpage maintained by bert hubert (ahu@ds9a.nl)
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