dot-qmail(5)
NAME
dot-qmail - control the delivery of mail messages
DESCRIPTION
Normally the qmail-local program delivers each incoming message to your system mailbox, homedir/Mailbox, where homedir is your home directory. It can instead write the mail to a different file or directory, forward it to another address, distribute it to a mailing list, or even execute programs, all under your control.
THE QMAIL FILE
To change qmail-local's behavior, set up a .qmail file in your home
directory.
.qmail contains one or more lines. Each line is a delivery
instruction. qmail-local follows each instruction in turn. There are
five types of delivery instructions: (1) comment; (2) program; (3)
forward; (4) mbox; (5) maildir.
(1) A comment line begins with a number sign:
# this is a comment
qmail-local ignores the line.
(2) A program line begins with a vertical bar:
|preline /usr/ucb/vacation djb
qmail-local takes the rest of the line as a command to supply to
sh. See qmail-command(8) for further information.
(3) A forward line begins with an ampersand:
&me@new.job.com
qmail-local takes the rest of the line as a mail address; it uses
qmail-queue to forward the message to that address. The address
must contain a fully qualified domain name; it must not contain
extra spaces, angle brackets, or comments:
# the following examples are WRONG
&me@new
&<me@new.job.com>
& me@new.job.com
&me@new.job.com (New Address)
If the address begins with a letter or number, you may leave out
the ampersand:
me@new.job.com
Note that qmail-local omits its new Return-Path line when
forwarding messages.
(4) An mbox line begins with a slash or dot, and does not end with a
slash:
/home/djb/Mailbox.sos
qmail-local takes the entire line as a filename. It appends the
mail message to that file, using flock-style file locking if
possible. qmail-local stores the mail message in mbox format, as
described in mbox(5).
WARNING: On many systems, anyone who can read a file can flock it,
and thus hold up qmail-local's delivery forever. Do not deliver
mail to a publicly accessible file!
If qmail-local is able to lock the file, but has trouble writing
to it (because, for example, the disk is full), it will truncate
the file back to its original length. However, it cannot prevent
mailbox corruption if the system crashes during delivery.
(5) A maildir line begins with a slash or dot, and ends with a slash:
/home/djb/Maildir/
qmail-local takes the entire line as the name of a directory in
maildir format. It reliably stores the incoming message in that
directory. See maildir(5) for more details.
If .qmail has the execute bit set, it must not contain any program
lines, mbox lines, or maildir lines. If qmail-local sees any such
lines, it will stop and indicate a temporary failure.
If .qmail is completely empty (0 bytes long), or does not exist, qmail-
local follows the defaultdelivery instructions set by your system
administrator; normally defaultdelivery is ./Mailbox, so qmail-local
appends the mail message to Mailbox in mbox format.
.qmail may contain extra spaces and tabs at the end of a line. Blank
lines are allowed, but not for the first line of .qmail.
If .qmail is world-writable, qmail-local stops and indicates a
temporary failure.
SAFE QMAIL EDITING
Incoming messages can arrive at any moment. If you want to safely edit
your .qmail file, first set the sticky bit on your home directory:
chmod +t $HOME
qmail-local will temporarily defer delivery of any message to you if
your home directory is sticky (or group-writable or other-writable,
which should never happen). Make sure to
chmod -t $HOME
when you are done! It's a good idea to test your new .qmail file as
follows:
qmail-local -n $USER ~ $USER '' '' '' '' ./Mailbox
EXTENSION ADDRESSES
In the qmail system, you control all local addresses of the form user- anything, as well as the address user itself, where user is your account name. Delivery to user-anything is controlled by the file homedir/.qmail-anything. (These rules may be changed by the system administrator; see qmail-users(5).) The alias user controls all other addresses. Delivery to local is controlled by the file homedir/.qmail-local, where homedir is alias's home directory. In the following description, qmail-local is handling a message addressed to local@domain, where local is controlled by .qmail-ext. Here is what it does. If .qmail-ext is completely empty, qmail-local follows the defaultdelivery instructions set by your system administrator. If .qmail-ext doesn't exist, qmail-local will try some default .qmail files. For example, if ext is foo-bar, qmail-local will try first .qmail-foo-bar, then .qmail-foo-default, and finally .qmail-default. If none of these exist, qmail-local will bounce the message. (Exception: for the basic user address, qmail-local treats a nonexistent .qmail the same as an empty .qmail.) WARNING: For security, qmail-local replaces any dots in ext with colons before checking .qmail-ext. For convenience, qmail-local converts any uppercase letters in ext to lowercase. When qmail-local forwards a message as instructed in .qmail-ext (or .qmail-default), it checks whether .qmail-ext-owner exists. If so, it uses local-owner@domain as the envelope sender for the forwarded message. Otherwise it retains the envelope sender of the original message. Exception: qmail-local always retains the original envelope sender if it is the empty address or #@[], i.e., if this is a bounce message. qmail-local also supports variable envelope return paths (VERPs): if .qmail-ext-owner and .qmail-ext-owner-default both exist, it uses local-owner-@domain-@[] as the envelope sender. This will cause a recipient recip@reciphost to see an envelope sender of local-owner-recip=reciphost@domain.
ERROR HANDLING
If a delivery instruction fails, qmail-local stops immediately and reports failure. qmail-local handles forwarding after all other instructions, so any error in another type of delivery will prevent all forwarding. If a program returns exit code 99, qmail-local ignores all succeeding lines in .qmail, but it still pays attention to previous forward lines. To set up independent instructions, where a temporary or permanent failure in one instruction does not affect the others, move each instruction into a separate .qmail-ext file, and set up a central .qmail file that forwards to all of the .qmail-exts. Note that qmail- local can handle any number of forward lines simultaneously.
SEE ALSO
envelopes(5), maildir(5), mbox(5), qmail-users(5), qmail-local(8), qmail-command(8), qmail-queue(8), qmail-lspawn(8) dot-qmail(5)
Opportunity
Personal Opportunity - Free software gives you access to billions of dollars of software at no cost. Use this software for your business, personal use or to develop a profitable skill. Access to source code provides access to a level of capabilities/information that companies protect though copyrights. Open source is a core component of the Internet and it is available to you. Leverage the billions of dollars in resources and capabilities to build a career, establish a business or change the world. The potential is endless for those who understand the opportunity.
Business Opportunity - Goldman Sachs, IBM and countless large corporations are leveraging open source to reduce costs, develop products and increase their bottom lines. Learn what these companies know about open source and how open source can give you the advantage.
Free Software
Free Software provides computer programs and capabilities at no cost but more importantly, it provides the freedom to run, edit, contribute to, and share the software. The importance of free software is a matter of access, not price. Software at no cost is a benefit but ownership rights to the software and source code is far more significant.
Free Office Software - The Libre Office suite provides top desktop productivity tools for free. This includes, a word processor, spreadsheet, presentation engine, drawing and flowcharting, database and math applications. Libre Office is available for Linux or Windows.
Free Books
The Free Books Library is a collection of thousands of the most popular public domain books in an online readable format. The collection includes great classical literature and more recent works where the U.S. copyright has expired. These books are yours to read and use without restrictions.
Source Code - Want to change a program or know how it works? Open Source provides the source code for its programs so that anyone can use, modify or learn how to write those programs themselves. Visit the GNU source code repositories to download the source.
Education
Study at Harvard, Stanford or MIT - Open edX provides free online courses from Harvard, MIT, Columbia, UC Berkeley and other top Universities. Hundreds of courses for almost all major subjects and course levels. Open edx also offers some paid courses and selected certifications.
Linux Manual Pages - A man or manual page is a form of software documentation found on Linux/Unix operating systems. Topics covered include computer programs (including library and system calls), formal standards and conventions, and even abstract concepts.
