bzip2(1)
NAME
bzip2, bunzip2 - a block-sorting file compressor, v1.0.6 bzcat - decompresses files to stdout bzip2recover - recovers data from damaged bzip2 files
SYNOPSIS
bzip2 [ -cdfkqstvzVL123456789 ] [ filenames ... ] bzip2 [ -h|--help ] bunzip2 [ -fkvsVL ] [ filenames ... ] bunzip2 [ -h|--help ] bzcat [ -s ] [ filenames ... ] bzcat [ -h|--help ] bzip2recover filename
DESCRIPTION
bzip2 compresses files using the Burrows-Wheeler block sorting text
compression algorithm, and Huffman coding. Compression is generally
considerably better than that achieved by more conventional
LZ77/LZ78-based compressors, and approaches the performance of the PPM
family of statistical compressors.
The command-line options are deliberately very similar to those of GNU
gzip, but they are not identical.
bzip2 expects a list of file names to accompany the command-line flags.
Each file is replaced by a compressed version of itself, with the name
"original_name.bz2". Each compressed file has the same modification
date, permissions, and, when possible, ownership as the corresponding
original, so that these properties can be correctly restored at
decompression time. File name handling is naive in the sense that
there is no mechanism for preserving original file names, permissions,
ownerships or dates in filesystems which lack these concepts, or have
serious file name length restrictions, such as MS-DOS.
bzip2 and bunzip2 will by default not overwrite existing files. If you
want this to happen, specify the -f flag.
If no file names are specified, bzip2 compresses from standard input to
standard output. In this case, bzip2 will decline to write compressed
output to a terminal, as this would be entirely incomprehensible and
therefore pointless.
bunzip2 (or bzip2 -d) decompresses all specified files. Files which
were not created by bzip2 will be detected and ignored, and a warning
issued. bzip2 attempts to guess the filename for the decompressed file
from that of the compressed file as follows:
filename.bz2 becomes filename
filename.bz becomes filename
filename.tbz2 becomes filename.tar
filename.tbz becomes filename.tar
anyothername becomes anyothername.out
If the file does not end in one of the recognised endings, .bz2, .bz,
.tbz2 or .tbz, bzip2 complains that it cannot guess the name of the
original file, and uses the original name with .out appended.
As with compression, supplying no filenames causes decompression from
standard input to standard output.
bunzip2 will correctly decompress a file which is the concatenation of
two or more compressed files. The result is the concatenation of the
corresponding uncompressed files. Integrity testing (-t) of
concatenated compressed files is also supported.
You can also compress or decompress files to the standard output by
giving the -c flag. Multiple files may be compressed and decompressed
like this. The resulting outputs are fed sequentially to stdout.
Compression of multiple files in this manner generates a stream
containing multiple compressed file representations. Such a stream can
be decompressed correctly only by bzip2 version 0.9.0 or later.
Earlier versions of bzip2 will stop after decompressing the first file
in the stream.
bzcat (or bzip2 -dc) decompresses all specified files to the standard
output.
bzip2 will read arguments from the environment variables BZIP2 and
BZIP, in that order, and will process them before any arguments read
from the command line. This gives a convenient way to supply default
arguments.
Compression is always performed, even if the compressed file is
slightly larger than the original. Files of less than about one
hundred bytes tend to get larger, since the compression mechanism has a
constant overhead in the region of 50 bytes. Random data (including
the output of most file compressors) is coded at about 8.05 bits per
byte, giving an expansion of around 0.5%.
As a self-check for your protection, bzip2 uses 32-bit CRCs to make
sure that the decompressed version of a file is identical to the
original. This guards against corruption of the compressed data, and
against undetected bugs in bzip2 (hopefully very unlikely). The
chances of data corruption going undetected is microscopic, about one
chance in four billion for each file processed. Be aware, though, that
the check occurs upon decompression, so it can only tell you that
something is wrong. It can't help you recover the original
uncompressed data. You can use bzip2recover to try to recover data
from damaged files.
Return values: 0 for a normal exit, 1 for environmental problems (file
not found, invalid flags, I/O errors, &c), 2 to indicate a corrupt
compressed file, 3 for an internal consistency error (eg, bug) which
caused bzip2 to panic.
OPTIONS
-c --stdout
Compress or decompress to standard output.
-d --decompress
Force decompression. bzip2, bunzip2 and bzcat are really the
same program, and the decision about what actions to take is
done on the basis of which name is used. This flag overrides
that mechanism, and forces bzip2 to decompress.
-z --compress
The complement to -d: forces compression, regardless of the
invocation name.
-t --test
Check integrity of the specified file(s), but don't decompress
them. This really performs a trial decompression and throws
away the result.
-f --force
Force overwrite of output files. Normally, bzip2 will not
overwrite existing output files. Also forces bzip2 to break
hard links to files, which it otherwise wouldn't do.
bzip2 normally declines to decompress files which don't have the
correct magic header bytes. If forced (-f), however, it will
pass such files through unmodified. This is how GNU gzip
behaves.
-k --keep
Keep (don't delete) input files during compression or
decompression.
-s --small
Reduce memory usage, for compression, decompression and testing.
Files are decompressed and tested using a modified algorithm
which only requires 2.5 bytes per block byte. This means any
file can be decompressed in 2300 k of memory, albeit at about
half the normal speed.
During compression, -s selects a block size of 200 k, which
limits memory use to around the same figure, at the expense of
your compression ratio. In short, if your machine is low on
memory (8 megabytes or less), use -s for everything. See MEMORY
MANAGEMENT below.
-q --quiet
Suppress non-essential warning messages. Messages pertaining to
I/O errors and other critical events will not be suppressed.
-v --verbose
Verbose mode -- show the compression ratio for each file
processed. Further -v's increase the verbosity level, spewing
out lots of information which is primarily of interest for
diagnostic purposes.
-h --help
Print a help message and exit.
-L --license -V --version
Display the software version, license terms and conditions.
-1 (or --fast) to -9 (or --best)
Set the block size to 100 k, 200 k ... 900 k when compressing.
Has no effect when decompressing. See MEMORY MANAGEMENT below.
The --fast and --best aliases are primarily for GNU gzip
compatibility. In particular, --fast doesn't make things
significantly faster. And --best merely selects the default
behaviour.
-- Treats all subsequent arguments as file names, even if they
start with a dash. This is so you can handle files with names
beginning with a dash, for example: bzip2 -- -myfilename.
--repetitive-fast --repetitive-best
These flags are redundant in versions 0.9.5 and above. They
provided some coarse control over the behaviour of the sorting
algorithm in earlier versions, which was sometimes useful.
0.9.5 and above have an improved algorithm which renders these
flags irrelevant.
MEMORY MANAGEMENT
bzip2 compresses large files in blocks. The block size affects both
the compression ratio achieved, and the amount of memory needed for
compression and decompression. The flags -1 through -9 specify the
block size to be 100,000 bytes through 900,000 bytes (the default)
respectively. At decompression time, the block size used for
compression is read from the header of the compressed file, and bunzip2
then allocates itself just enough memory to decompress the file. Since
block sizes are stored in compressed files, it follows that the flags
-1 to -9 are irrelevant to and so ignored during decompression.
Compression and decompression requirements, in bytes, can be estimated
as:
Compression: 400 k + ( 8 x block size )
Decompression: 100 k + ( 4 x block size ), or
100 k + ( 2.5 x block size )
Larger block sizes give rapidly diminishing marginal returns. Most of
the compression comes from the first two or three hundred k of block
size, a fact worth bearing in mind when using bzip2 on small machines.
It is also important to appreciate that the decompression memory
requirement is set at compression time by the choice of block size.
For files compressed with the default 900 k block size, bunzip2 will
require about 3700 kbytes to decompress. To support decompression of
any file on a 4 megabyte machine, bunzip2 has an option to decompress
using approximately half this amount of memory, about 2300 kbytes.
Decompression speed is also halved, so you should use this option only
where necessary. The relevant flag is -s.
In general, try and use the largest block size memory constraints
allow, since that maximises the compression achieved. Compression and
decompression speed are virtually unaffected by block size.
Another significant point applies to files which fit in a single block
-- that means most files you'd encounter using a large block size. The
amount of real memory touched is proportional to the size of the file,
since the file is smaller than a block. For example, compressing a
file 20,000 bytes long with the flag -9 will cause the compressor to
allocate around 7600 k of memory, but only touch 400 k + 20000 * 8 =
560 kbytes of it. Similarly, the decompressor will allocate 3700 k but
only touch 100 k + 20000 * 4 = 180 kbytes.
Here is a table which summarises the maximum memory usage for different
block sizes. Also recorded is the total compressed size for 14 files
of the Calgary Text Compression Corpus totalling 3,141,622 bytes. This
column gives some feel for how compression varies with block size.
These figures tend to understate the advantage of larger block sizes
for larger files, since the Corpus is dominated by smaller files.
Compress Decompress Decompress Corpus
Flag usage usage -s usage Size
-1 1200k 500k 350k 914704
-2 2000k 900k 600k 877703
-3 2800k 1300k 850k 860338
-4 3600k 1700k 1100k 846899
-5 4400k 2100k 1350k 845160
-6 5200k 2500k 1600k 838626
-7 6100k 2900k 1850k 834096
-8 6800k 3300k 2100k 828642
-9 7600k 3700k 2350k 828642
RECOVERING DATA FROM DAMAGED FILES
bzip2 compresses files in blocks, usually 900 kbytes long. Each block is handled independently. If a media or transmission error causes a multi-block .bz2 file to become damaged, it may be possible to recover data from the undamaged blocks in the file. The compressed representation of each block is delimited by a 48-bit pattern, which makes it possible to find the block boundaries with reasonable certainty. Each block also carries its own 32-bit CRC, so damaged blocks can be distinguished from undamaged ones. bzip2recover is a simple program whose purpose is to search for blocks in .bz2 files, and write each block out into its own .bz2 file. You can then use bzip2 -t to test the integrity of the resulting files, and decompress those which are undamaged. bzip2recover takes a single argument, the name of the damaged file, and writes a number of files "rec00001file.bz2", "rec00002file.bz2", etc., containing the extracted blocks. The output filenames are designed so that the use of wildcards in subsequent processing -- for example, "bzip2 -dc rec*file.bz2 > recovered_data" -- processes the files in the correct order. bzip2recover should be of most use dealing with large .bz2 files, as these will contain many blocks. It is clearly futile to use it on damaged single-block files, since a damaged block cannot be recovered. If you wish to minimise any potential data loss through media or transmission errors, you might consider compressing with a smaller block size.
PERFORMANCE NOTES
The sorting phase of compression gathers together similar strings in the file. Because of this, files containing very long runs of repeated symbols, like "aabaabaabaab ..." (repeated several hundred times) may compress more slowly than normal. Versions 0.9.5 and above fare much better than previous versions in this respect. The ratio between worst-case and average-case compression time is in the region of 10:1. For previous versions, this figure was more like 100:1. You can use the -vvvv option to monitor progress in great detail, if you want. Decompression speed is unaffected by these phenomena. bzip2 usually allocates several megabytes of memory to operate in, and then charges all over it in a fairly random fashion. This means that performance, both for compressing and decompressing, is largely determined by the speed at which your machine can service cache misses. Because of this, small changes to the code to reduce the miss rate have been observed to give disproportionately large performance improvements. I imagine bzip2 will perform best on machines with very large caches.
CAVEATS
I/O error messages are not as helpful as they could be. bzip2 tries hard to detect I/O errors and exit cleanly, but the details of what the problem is sometimes seem rather misleading. This manual page pertains to version 1.0.6 of bzip2. Compressed data created by this version is entirely forwards and backwards compatible with the previous public releases, versions 0.1pl2, 0.9.0, 0.9.5, 1.0.0, 1.0.1, 1.0.2 and above, but with the following exception: 0.9.0 and above can correctly decompress multiple concatenated compressed files. 0.1pl2 cannot do this; it will stop after decompressing just the first file in the stream. bzip2recover versions prior to 1.0.2 used 32-bit integers to represent bit positions in compressed files, so they could not handle compressed files more than 512 megabytes long. Versions 1.0.2 and above use 64-bit ints on some platforms which support them (GNU supported targets, and Windows). To establish whether or not bzip2recover was built with such a limitation, run it without arguments. In any event you can build yourself an unlimited version if you can recompile it with MaybeUInt64 set to be an unsigned 64-bit integer.
AUTHOR
Julian Seward, jsewardbzip.org.
http://www.bzip.org
The ideas embodied in bzip2 are due to (at least) the following people:
Michael Burrows and David Wheeler (for the block sorting
transformation), David Wheeler (again, for the Huffman coder), Peter
Fenwick (for the structured coding model in the original bzip, and many
refinements), and Alistair Moffat, Radford Neal and Ian Witten (for the
arithmetic coder in the original bzip). I am much indebted for their
help, support and advice. See the manual in the source distribution
for pointers to sources of documentation. Christian von Roques
encouraged me to look for faster sorting algorithms, so as to speed up
compression. Bela Lubkin encouraged me to improve the worst-case
compression performance. Donna Robinson XMLised the documentation.
The bz* scripts are derived from those of GNU gzip. Many people sent
patches, helped with portability problems, lent machines, gave advice
and were generally helpful.
bzip2(1)
Opportunity
Personal Opportunity - Free software gives you access to billions of dollars of software at no cost. Use this software for your business, personal use or to develop a profitable skill. Access to source code provides access to a level of capabilities/information that companies protect though copyrights. Open source is a core component of the Internet and it is available to you. Leverage the billions of dollars in resources and capabilities to build a career, establish a business or change the world. The potential is endless for those who understand the opportunity.
Business Opportunity - Goldman Sachs, IBM and countless large corporations are leveraging open source to reduce costs, develop products and increase their bottom lines. Learn what these companies know about open source and how open source can give you the advantage.
Free Software
Free Software provides computer programs and capabilities at no cost but more importantly, it provides the freedom to run, edit, contribute to, and share the software. The importance of free software is a matter of access, not price. Software at no cost is a benefit but ownership rights to the software and source code is far more significant.
Free Office Software - The Libre Office suite provides top desktop productivity tools for free. This includes, a word processor, spreadsheet, presentation engine, drawing and flowcharting, database and math applications. Libre Office is available for Linux or Windows.
Free Books
The Free Books Library is a collection of thousands of the most popular public domain books in an online readable format. The collection includes great classical literature and more recent works where the U.S. copyright has expired. These books are yours to read and use without restrictions.
Source Code - Want to change a program or know how it works? Open Source provides the source code for its programs so that anyone can use, modify or learn how to write those programs themselves. Visit the GNU source code repositories to download the source.
Education
Study at Harvard, Stanford or MIT - Open edX provides free online courses from Harvard, MIT, Columbia, UC Berkeley and other top Universities. Hundreds of courses for almost all major subjects and course levels. Open edx also offers some paid courses and selected certifications.
Linux Manual Pages - A man or manual page is a form of software documentation found on Linux/Unix operating systems. Topics covered include computer programs (including library and system calls), formal standards and conventions, and even abstract concepts.
