send(2)
NAME
send, sendto, sendmsg - send a message on a socket
SYNOPSIS
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
ssize_t send(int sockfd, const void *buf, size_t len, int flags);
ssize_t sendto(int sockfd, const void *buf, size_t len, int flags,
const struct sockaddr *dest_addr, socklen_t addrlen);
ssize_t sendmsg(int sockfd, const struct msghdr *msg, int flags);
DESCRIPTION
The system calls send(), sendto(), and sendmsg() are used to transmit a message to another socket. The send() call may be used only when the socket is in a connected state (so that the intended recipient is known). The only difference between send() and write(2) is the presence of flags. With a zero flags argument, send() is equivalent to write(2). Also, the following call send(sockfd, buf, len, flags); is equivalent to sendto(sockfd, buf, len, flags, NULL, 0); The argument sockfd is the file descriptor of the sending socket. If sendto() is used on a connection-mode (SOCK_STREAM, SOCK_SEQPACKET) socket, the arguments dest_addr and addrlen are ignored (and the error EISCONN may be returned when they are not NULL and 0), and the error ENOTCONN is returned when the socket was not actually connected. Otherwise, the address of the target is given by dest_addr with addrlen specifying its size. For sendmsg(), the address of the target is given by msg.msg_name, with msg.msg_namelen specifying its size. For send() and sendto(), the message is found in buf and has length len. For sendmsg(), the message is pointed to by the elements of the array msg.msg_iov. The sendmsg() call also allows sending ancillary data (also known as control information). If the message is too long to pass atomically through the underlying protocol, the error EMSGSIZE is returned, and the message is not transmitted. No indication of failure to deliver is implicit in a send(). Locally detected errors are indicated by a return value of -1. When the message does not fit into the send buffer of the socket, send() normally blocks, unless the socket has been placed in nonblocking I/O mode. In nonblocking mode it would fail with the error EAGAIN or EWOULDBLOCK in this case. The select(2) call may be used to determine when it is possible to send more data. The flags argument The flags argument is the bitwise OR of zero or more of the following flags. MSG_CONFIRM (since Linux 2.3.15) Tell the link layer that forward progress happened: you got a successful reply from the other side. If the link layer doesn't get this it will regularly reprobe the neighbor (e.g., via a unicast ARP). Valid only on SOCK_DGRAM and SOCK_RAW sockets and currently implemented only for IPv4 and IPv6. See arp(7) for details. MSG_DONTROUTE Don't use a gateway to send out the packet, send to hosts only on directly connected networks. This is usually used only by diagnostic or routing programs. This is defined only for protocol families that route; packet sockets don't. MSG_DONTWAIT (since Linux 2.2) Enables nonblocking operation; if the operation would block, EAGAIN or EWOULDBLOCK is returned. This provides similar behavior to setting the O_NONBLOCK flag (via the fcntl(2) F_SETFL operation), but differs in that MSG_DONTWAIT is a per- call option, whereas O_NONBLOCK is a setting on the open file description (see open(2)), which will affect all threads in the calling process and as well as other processes that hold file descriptors referring to the same open file description. MSG_EOR (since Linux 2.2) Terminates a record (when this notion is supported, as for sockets of type SOCK_SEQPACKET). MSG_MORE (since Linux 2.4.4) The caller has more data to send. This flag is used with TCP sockets to obtain the same effect as the TCP_CORK socket option (see tcp(7)), with the difference that this flag can be set on a per-call basis. Since Linux 2.6, this flag is also supported for UDP sockets, and informs the kernel to package all of the data sent in calls with this flag set into a single datagram which is transmitted only when a call is performed that does not specify this flag. (See also the UDP_CORK socket option described in udp(7).) MSG_NOSIGNAL (since Linux 2.2) Don't generate a SIGPIPE signal if the peer on a stream-oriented socket has closed the connection. The EPIPE error is still returned. This provides similar behavior to using sigaction(2) to ignore SIGPIPE, but, whereas MSG_NOSIGNAL is a per-call feature, ignoring SIGPIPE sets a process attribute that affects all threads in the process. MSG_OOB Sends out-of-band data on sockets that support this notion (e.g., of type SOCK_STREAM); the underlying protocol must also support out-of-band data. sendmsg() The definition of the msghdr structure employed by sendmsg() is as follows: struct msghdr { void *msg_name; /* optional address */ socklen_t msg_namelen; /* size of address */ struct iovec *msg_iov; /* scatter/gather array */ size_t msg_iovlen; /* # elements in msg_iov */ void *msg_control; /* ancillary data, see below */ size_t msg_controllen; /* ancillary data buffer len */ int msg_flags; /* flags (unused) */ }; The msg_name field is used on an unconnected socket to specify the target address for a datagram. It points to a buffer containing the address; the msg_namelen field should be set to the size of the address. For a connected socket, these fields should be specified as NULL and 0, respectively. The msg_iov and msg_iovlen fields specify scatter-gather locations, as for writev(2). You may send control information using the msg_control and msg_controllen members. The maximum control buffer length the kernel can process is limited per socket by the value in /proc/sys/net/core/optmem_max; see socket(7). The msg_flags field is ignored.
RETURN VALUE
On success, these calls return the number of bytes sent. On error, -1 is returned, and errno is set appropriately.
ERRORS
These are some standard errors generated by the socket layer.
Additional errors may be generated and returned from the underlying
protocol modules; see their respective manual pages.
EACCES (For UNIX domain sockets, which are identified by pathname)
Write permission is denied on the destination socket file, or
search permission is denied for one of the directories the path
prefix. (See path_resolution(7).)
(For UDP sockets) An attempt was made to send to a
network/broadcast address as though it was a unicast address.
EAGAIN or EWOULDBLOCK
The socket is marked nonblocking and the requested operation
would block. POSIX.1-2001 allows either error to be returned
for this case, and does not require these constants to have the
same value, so a portable application should check for both
possibilities.
EAGAIN (Internet domain datagram sockets) The socket referred to by
sockfd had not previously been bound to an address and, upon
attempting to bind it to an ephemeral port, it was determined
that all port numbers in the ephemeral port range are currently
in use. See the discussion of
/proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_local_port_range in ip(7).
EBADF sockfd is not a valid open file descriptor.
ECONNRESET
Connection reset by peer.
EDESTADDRREQ
The socket is not connection-mode, and no peer address is set.
EFAULT An invalid user space address was specified for an argument.
EINTR A signal occurred before any data was transmitted; see
signal(7).
EINVAL Invalid argument passed.
EISCONN
The connection-mode socket was connected already but a recipient
was specified. (Now either this error is returned, or the
recipient specification is ignored.)
EMSGSIZE
The socket type requires that message be sent atomically, and
the size of the message to be sent made this impossible.
ENOBUFS
The output queue for a network interface was full. This
generally indicates that the interface has stopped sending, but
may be caused by transient congestion. (Normally, this does not
occur in Linux. Packets are just silently dropped when a device
queue overflows.)
ENOMEM No memory available.
ENOTCONN
The socket is not connected, and no target has been given.
ENOTSOCK
The file descriptor sockfd does not refer to a socket.
EOPNOTSUPP
Some bit in the flags argument is inappropriate for the socket
type.
EPIPE The local end has been shut down on a connection oriented
socket. In this case, the process will also receive a SIGPIPE
unless MSG_NOSIGNAL is set.
CONFORMING TO
4.4BSD, SVr4, POSIX.1-2001. These interfaces first appeared in 4.2BSD. POSIX.1-2001 describes only the MSG_OOB and MSG_EOR flags. POSIX.1-2008 adds a specification of MSG_NOSIGNAL. The MSG_CONFIRM flag is a Linux extension.
NOTES
According to POSIX.1-2001, the msg_controllen field of the msghdr structure should be typed as socklen_t, but glibc currently types it as size_t. See sendmmsg(2) for information about a Linux-specific system call that can be used to transmit multiple datagrams in a single call.
BUGS
Linux may return EPIPE instead of ENOTCONN.
EXAMPLE
An example of the use of sendto() is shown in getaddrinfo(3).
SEE ALSO
fcntl(2), getsockopt(2), recv(2), select(2), sendfile(2), sendmmsg(2), shutdown(2), socket(2), write(2), cmsg(3), ip(7), socket(7), tcp(7), udp(7)
COLOPHON
This page is part of release 4.09 of the Linux man-pages project. A description of the project, information about reporting bugs, and the latest version of this page, can be found at https://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.
Opportunity
Personal Opportunity - Free software gives you access to billions of dollars of software at no cost. Use this software for your business, personal use or to develop a profitable skill. Access to source code provides access to a level of capabilities/information that companies protect though copyrights. Open source is a core component of the Internet and it is available to you. Leverage the billions of dollars in resources and capabilities to build a career, establish a business or change the world. The potential is endless for those who understand the opportunity.
Business Opportunity - Goldman Sachs, IBM and countless large corporations are leveraging open source to reduce costs, develop products and increase their bottom lines. Learn what these companies know about open source and how open source can give you the advantage.
Free Software
Free Software provides computer programs and capabilities at no cost but more importantly, it provides the freedom to run, edit, contribute to, and share the software. The importance of free software is a matter of access, not price. Software at no cost is a benefit but ownership rights to the software and source code is far more significant.
Free Office Software - The Libre Office suite provides top desktop productivity tools for free. This includes, a word processor, spreadsheet, presentation engine, drawing and flowcharting, database and math applications. Libre Office is available for Linux or Windows.
Free Books
The Free Books Library is a collection of thousands of the most popular public domain books in an online readable format. The collection includes great classical literature and more recent works where the U.S. copyright has expired. These books are yours to read and use without restrictions.
Source Code - Want to change a program or know how it works? Open Source provides the source code for its programs so that anyone can use, modify or learn how to write those programs themselves. Visit the GNU source code repositories to download the source.
Education
Study at Harvard, Stanford or MIT - Open edX provides free online courses from Harvard, MIT, Columbia, UC Berkeley and other top Universities. Hundreds of courses for almost all major subjects and course levels. Open edx also offers some paid courses and selected certifications.
Linux Manual Pages - A man or manual page is a form of software documentation found on Linux/Unix operating systems. Topics covered include computer programs (including library and system calls), formal standards and conventions, and even abstract concepts.
