sbuild(1)
NAME
sbuild - build debian packages from source
SYNOPSIS
sbuild [-h|--help | -V|--version] [-v|--verbose | -q|--quiet] [-D|--debug] [-A|--arch-all] [--archive=archive] [-d|--dist=distribution] [-c|--chroot=chroot] [--chroot- mode=schroot|sudo|adt] [--arch=architecture] [--arch-any | --no-arch-any] [--build=architecture] [--host=architecture] [--profiles=profile[,...]] [-s|--source] [--force-orig-source] [--make-binNMU=changelog-entry] [--binNMU=NMU-version] [--append-to-version=string] [--add-depends=dependency] [--add- conflicts=dependency] [--add-depends-arch=dependency] [--add- conflicts-arch=dependency] [--add-depends-indep=dependency] [--add- conflicts-indep=dependency] [-m|--maintainer=maintainer] [-e|--uploader=uploader] [-k|--keyid=key-id] [--source-only-changes] [-j|--jobs=n] [--debbuildopt=option] [--debbuildopts=options] [--dpkg- source-opt=options] [--dpkg-source-opts=options] [-p|--purge=purge- mode] [--purge-build=purge-mode] [--purge-deps=purge-mode] [--purge-session=purge-mode] [-b|--batch] [-n|--nolog] [--clean-source] [--no-clean-source] [--run-lintian] [--no-run-lintian] [--lintian-opt=options] [--lintian-opts=options] [--run-piuparts] [--no-run-piuparts] [--piuparts-opt=options] [--piuparts-opts=options] [--piuparts-root-arg=options] [--piuparts-root-args=options] [--run-autopkgtest] [--no-run-autopkgtest] [--autopkgtest-opt=options] [--autopkgtest-opts=options] [--autopkgtest-root-arg=options] [--autopkgtest-root-args=options] [--pre-build-commands=string] [--chroot-setup-commands=string] [--chroot-update-failed-commands=string] [--build-deps-failed-commands=string] [--starting-build-commands=string] [--finished-build-commands=string] [--build-failed-commands=string] [--chroot-cleanup-commands=string] [--post-build-commands=string] [--anything-failed-commands=string] [--log-external-command-output] [--log-external-command-error] [--setup-hook=hook-script] [--build-dep-resolver=resolver] [--resolve-alternatives|--no-resolve-alternatives] [--extra-package=package.deb] [--extra-repository=spec] [--extra-repository-key=file.asc] [--build-path=string] [--adt-virt- server=schroot|lxc|chroot|qemu|ssh] [--adt-virt-server-opt=string] [--adt-virt-server-opts=options] [PACKAGE[.dsc]]
DESCRIPTION
sbuild rebuilds Debian binary packages from the corresponding Debian source, installing any missing source dependencies. The build takes place in a dedicated clean build environment (chroot), rather than on the host system. sbuild can fetch the Debian source over a network, or it can use locally available sources. sbuild is given a packages to process as the argument PACKAGE[.dsc]. This argument is in the form of either a debianized package source directory, a source package name along with a version in the form package_version, a source package name, or a .dsc file. If no arguments are given, the current working directory is passed as an argument. For arguments given as source directories, dpkg-source is first run to produce a source .dsc file. Then, the package is built using the .dsc produced. For arguments in the form package_version or package, apt is used to download the source package. For arguments given as a .dsc file, sbuild builds the source packages directly. For .dsc files in remote locations, the source packages are downloaded first, then built. It is also possible to run external commands with sbuild. See the section EXTERNAL COMMANDS for more on this. sbuild mails the build logs to a user. It is configured by the configuration files /etc/sbuild/sbuild.conf and ~/.sbuildrc. An example sbuildrc is available in /usr/share/doc/sbuild/examples/example.sbuildrc. A custom path to a configuration file can also be specified through setting the SBUILD_CONFIG environment variable to the path of an additional configuration file. You can build either using a local package with its .dsc file or a remote one by specifying an explicit dpkg version. Note: When using schroot (recommended), the chroot having the name (or alias) of the specified distribution will be used; schroot uses a chroot named $distribution-$arch-sbuild, $distribution-sbuild, $distribution-$arch or $distribution, in that order of preference. The -c or --chroot option may be used to override the chroot to be used. When configured to use sudo (deprecated), sbuild will look for a symlink to a chroot with the same name as the distribution specified. sbuild will use a symlink to the chroot located in /etc/sbuild/chroot/$distribution, or must be run in a directory containing a chroot-$distribution symlink to the chroot (not recommended, but done for backward compatibility).
OPTIONS
Options set on the command line overwrite settings made in the
configuration file.
-h, --help
Display this manual.
-V, --version
Print version information.
--add-depends=dependency
--add-conflicts=dependency
--add-depends-arch=dependency
--add-conflicts-arch=dependency
--add-depends-indep=dependency
--add-conflicts-indep=dependency
These options add a build dependencies to the source package
being built, in addition to the build dependency information
specified in debian/control. These dependencies will be
concatenated directly to the Build-Depends, Build-Conflicts,
Build-Depends-Arch, Build-Conflicts-Arch, Build-Depends-Indep
and Build-Conflicts-Indep dependencies, respectively. The
options may be used any number of times to add multiple
dependencies. The format is identical to the format used in
debian/control. These command line options append to the
MANUAL_DEPENDS, MANUAL_CONFLICTS, MANUAL_DEPENDS_ARCH,
MANUAL_CONFLICTS_ARCH, MANUAL_DEPENDS_INDEP and
MANUAL_CONFLICTS_INDEP configuration variables, respectively.
See sbuild.conf(5) for more information.
--arch=architecture
Build using the architecture specified. A chroot named
$distribution-$arch-sbuild or $distribution-arch is searched
for, in that order of preference. The chroot must be installed
and configured appropriately to build as that architecture, e.g.
using personality=linux32 to build i386 packages on an amd64
system. Note that this option is equivalent to
"--host=architecture --build=architecture". This command line
option sets the HOST_ARCH and BUILD_ARCH configuration
variables. See sbuild.conf(5) for more information.
--host=architecture
Build using the host architecture specified. If $host and
$build don't match, a chroot named
$distribution-$build-$host-sbuild or $distribution-$build-$host
is searched for, falling back to $distribution-$build-sbuild or
$distribution-$build, in that order of preference. This option
is only useful for cross-building when used together with
--build. This command line option sets the HOST_ARCH
configuration variable. See sbuild.conf(5) for more information.
--build=architecture
Build using the build architecture specified. This option is
only useful for cross-building when used together with --host.
If --build is not specified, the default system architecture is
assumed. This command line option sets the BUILD_ARCH
configuration variable. See sbuild.conf(5) for more information.
-A, --arch-all
Also build Architecture: all packages. This option is the
opposite of --no-arch-all. See the section BUILD ARTIFACTS for
more information. This command line option sets the
BUILD_ARCH_ALL configuration variable. See sbuild.conf(5) for
more information.
--no-arch-all
Do not build Architecture: all packages. This is the default
behaviour. This option is the opposite of --arch-all. See the
section BUILD ARTIFACTS for more information. This command line
option sets the BUILD_ARCH_ALL configuration variable. See
sbuild.conf(5) for more information.
--arch-any
Build Architecture: any packages. This is the default behavior.
This option is the opposite of --no-arch-any. See the section
BUILD ARTIFACTS for more information. This command line option
sets the BUILD_ARCH_ANY configuration variable. See
sbuild.conf(5) for more information.
--no-arch-any
Do not build Architecture: any packages. This option is the
opposite of --arch-any and only useful when used together with
--arch-all or --source. See the section BUILD ARTIFACTS for
more information. This command line option sets the
BUILD_ARCH_ANY configuration variable. See sbuild.conf(5) for
more information.
-b, --batch
Operate in batchmode, i.e. write a build-progress file during
execution and files on shutdown to facilitate a clean restart.
This command line option sets the BATCH_MODE configuration
variable. See sbuild.conf(5) for more information.
-c, --chroot=chroot
Use the specified chroot. If not specified, the default is the
first of $distribution-$arch-sbuild, $distribution-sbuild,
$distribution-$arch or $distribution that exists. This command
line option sets the CHROOT configuration variable. See
sbuild.conf(5) for more information.
--chroot-mode=schroot|sudo|adt
Select the desired chroot mode. Four values are possible:
schroot (the default), sudo (which uses sudo to execute chroot
in a directory from /etc/sbuild/chroot or ./chroot) and adt
which uses the adt-virt-* binaries (selectable via the --adt-
virt-server option). This command line option sets the
CHROOT_MODE configuration variable. See sbuild.conf(5) for more
information.
-d, --dist=distribution
Explicitly set the distribution for the package build. This will
be selecting the correct chroot to use and also sets the value
of the Distribution field in the created .changes file. Setting
this option is necessary when giving sbuild a .dsc file or a
plain source package name to build. In the latter case it
specifies the distribution the source package is fetched from.
This command line option sets the DISTRIBUTION configuration
variable. See sbuild.conf(5) for more information.
--archive=archive
Communicate with specified archive. This command line option
sets the ARCHIVE configuration variable. See sbuild.conf(5) for
more information.
-D, --debug
Enable debug output.
--apt-clean
--no-apt-clean
Run (or do not run) apt-get clean in the chroot before executing
the build, overriding the default setting. This command line
option sets the APT_CLEAN configuration variable. See
sbuild.conf(5) for more information.
--apt-update
--no-apt-update
Run (or do not run) apt-get update in the chroot before
executing the build, overriding the default setting. This
command line option sets the APT_UPDATE configuration variable.
See sbuild.conf(5) for more information.
--apt-upgrade
--no-apt-upgrade
Run (or do not run) apt-get upgrade in the chroot before
executing the build, overriding the default setting. This
command line option sets the APT_UPGRADE configuration variable.
See sbuild.conf(5) for more information.
--apt-distupgrade
--no-apt-distupgrade
Run (or do not run) apt-get distupgrade in the chroot before
executing the build, overriding the default setting. This
command line option sets the APT_DISTUPGRADE configuration
variable. See sbuild.conf(5) for more information.
-m, --maintainer=maintainer
Specify the identity to use for GPG signing packages, and also
used as the maintainer for binary NMUs. This does not normally
require setting (it defaults to the uploader). This command
line option sets the MAINTAINER_NAME configuration variable. See
sbuild.conf(5) for more information.
-e, --uploader=uploader
Passed to dpkg-genchanges and is used to set the Changed-by:
field in the .changes file(s). This command line option sets
the UPLOADER_NAME configuration variable. See sbuild.conf(5) for
more information.
-k, --keyid=key-id
Passed to debsign and is used to set the key to sign the
.changes file(s). Default is not using any key and not signing
the .changes file(s). This command line option sets the KEY_ID
configuration variable. See sbuild.conf(5) for more information.
--source-only-changes
In addition to the .changes file generated by dpkg-buildpackage,
also produce a .changes file suitable for a source-only upload.
If requested by --keyid, this .changes file will also be signed
by debsign. This command line option sets the
SOURCE_ONLY_CHANGES configuration variable. See sbuild.conf(5)
for more information.
-j, --jobs=n
Number of jobs to run simultaneously. Passed through to
dpkg-buildpackage. This command line option appends the
appropriate -j option to the DPKG_BUILDPACKAGE_USER_OPTIONS
configuration variable. See sbuild.conf(5) for more information.
--debbuildopt=option
Pass the specified option directly to dpkg-buildpackage in
addition to the options already passed by sbuild. This option
can be passed multiple times (once per dpkg-buildpackage option)
and can be freely mixed with the --debbuildopts option. Options
will be passed to dpkg-buildpackage in the order that the
--debbuildopt and --debbuildopts options are given on the
command line. This command line option appends to the
DPKG_BUILDPACKAGE_USER_OPTIONS configuration variable. See
sbuild.conf(5) for more information.
--debbuildopts=options
Pass the specified options directly to dpkg-buildpackage in
addition to the options already passed by sbuild. The argument
will be split by whitespaces and the resulting array passed to
the dpkg-buildpackage invocation. If any options contain spaces,
use --debbuildopt for them. This option can be passed multiple
times and can be freely mixed with the --debbuildopt option.
Options will be passed to dpkg-buildpackage in the order that
the --debbuildopt and --debbuildopts options are given on the
command line. This command line option appends to the
DPKG_BUILDPACKAGE_USER_OPTIONS configuration variable. See
sbuild.conf(5) for more information.
--dpkg-source-opt=options
Pass the specified option directly to dpkg-source in addition to
the options already passed by sbuild. This is only used when
creating a source package from a Debianized source directory.
This option can be passed multiple times (once per dpkg-source
option) and can be freely mixed with the --dpkg-source-opts
option. Options will be passed to dpkg-source in the order that
the --dpkg-source-opt and --dpkg-source-opts options are given
on the command line. This command line option appends to the
DPKG_SOURCE_OPTIONS configuration variable. See sbuild.conf(5)
for more information.
NOTE: The '-b' option will always be passed to dpkg-source.
--dpkg-source-opts=options
Pass the specified options directly to dpkg-source in addition
to the options already passed by sbuild. The argument will be
split by whitespaces and the resulting array passed to the
dpkg-source invocation. This is only used when creating a source
package from a Debianized source directory. If any options
contain spaces, use --dpkg-source-opt for them. This option can
be passed multiple times and can be freely mixed with the
--dpkg-source-opt option. Options will be passed to dpkg-source
in the order that the --dpkg-source-opt and --dpkg-source-opts
options are given on the command line. This command line option
appends to the DPKG_SOURCE_OPTIONS configuration variable. See
sbuild.conf(5) for more information.
--mail-log-to=email-address
Send the build log to the specified email address. This command
line option sets the MAILTO configuration variable. See
sbuild.conf(5) for more information.
--mailfrom=email-address
Email address used as the sender address for build logs. This
command line option sets the MAILFROM configuration variable.
See sbuild.conf(5) for more information.
-n, --nolog
Do not create a package log file in the $log_dir directory and
no build log file, but print everything to stdout. Also do not
send any log mails. This command line option sets the NOLOG
configuration variable. See sbuild.conf(5) for more information.
--profiles=profile[,...]"
Specify the profile(s) we build, as a comma-separated list.
Defaults to the space separated list of profiles in the
DEB_BUILD_PROFILES environment variable. This command line
option sets the BUILD_PROFILES configuration variable. See
sbuild.conf(5) for more information.
-p, --purge=purge-mode
Convenience option to set purge-mode for build directory, build
dependencies and session. This command line option sets the
PURGE_BUILD_DEPS, PURGE_BUILD_DIRECTORY and PURGE_SESSION
configuration variables. See sbuild.conf(5) for more
information.
--purge-build=purge-mode
purge-mode determines if the build directory will be deleted
after a build. Possible values are always (default), never, and
successful. This command line option sets the
PURGE_BUILD_DIRECTORY configuration variable. See sbuild.conf(5)
for more information.
--purge-deps=purge-mode
purge-mode determines if the build dependencies will be removed
after a build. Possible values are always (default), never, and
successful. This command line option sets the PURGE_BUILD_DEPS
configuration variable. See sbuild.conf(5) for more information.
--purge-session=purge-mode
Purge the schroot session following a build. This is useful in
conjunction with the --purge-build and --purge-deps options when
using snapshot chroots, since by default the snapshot will be
deleted. Possible values are always (default), never, and
successful. This command line option sets the PURGE_SESSION
configuration variable. See sbuild.conf(5) for more information.
-s, --source
Build the source package in addition to the other requested
build artifacts. By default, the dsc will not be rewritten
because the source package is the input to sbuild, not its
output. Even when running from an unpacked source tree sbuild
will first build the source package using dpkg-source and then
pass that on to the sbuild machinery. Use this option only when
you know what you are doing. This will rewrite the original dsc
passed to sbuild. See the section BUILD ARTIFACTS for more
information. This command line option sets the BUILD_SOURCE
configuration variable. See sbuild.conf(5) for more information.
--no-source
Don't rebuild the source package. This is the default. It is the
opposite of --source. See the section BUILD ARTIFACTS for more
information. This command line option sets the BUILD_SOURCE
configuration variable. See sbuild.conf(5) for more information.
--force-orig-source
When used with in conjunction with -s, this option forces the
inclusion of the orig.tar.gz file in the generated .changes
file, even in cases where it would not normally be included,
i.e. use dpkg-buildpackage -sa. This command line option sets
the FORCE_ORIG_SOURCE configuration variable. See sbuild.conf(5)
for more information.
--use-snapshot
Installs the latest snapshot gcc compiler from the gcc-snapshot
package, and alters the build environment to use the snapshot
compiler for the build. Specifically, this option appends
/usr/lib/gcc-snapshot/lib to the value of the LD_LIBRARY_PATH
configuration variable and /usr/lib/gcc-snapshot/bin to the
value of the PATH configuration variable. It also sets the
GCC_SNAPSHOT configuration variable. See sbuild.conf(5) for more
information.
-v, --verbose
Be verbose, i.e. all information goes to stdout as well as to
the log files.
-q, --quiet
Be quiet. This is the opposite of --verbose.
--make-binNMU=changelog-entry
With this option, sbuild will create a new changelog entry in
debian/changelog of every package built. The version number will
be in the format for binary-only NMUs (see --binNMU); the
maintainer is set to the maintainer name configured for sbuild.
changelog-entry will be used as the changelog entry following
"Binary-only non-maintainer upload for ARCH -- no source
changes". Please note that the versions in the
PACKAGE_VERSION[.dsc] arguments still have to be the unmodified
(non-NMU ones) so that the sources can be found. The version
number in log files and mails will be modified by sbuild
automatically. This command line option sets the BIN_NMU
configuration variable and sets the BIN_NMU_VERSION
configuration variable to 1 if it was not set yet, for example
by the --binNMU option. See sbuild.conf(5) for more information.
--binNMU=NMU-version
The version number of the binary NMU. This should be used in
conjunction with --make-binNMU. version is a single number for
the (+bn) format used for binary NMUs. This command line option
sets the BIN_NMU_VERSION configuration variable. See
sbuild.conf(5) for more information.
--append-to-version=string
This option is similar to --make-binNMU except that it allows
the user to specify an arbitrary string to be appended to the
version number (immediately before the '+' in the Debian
revision if --make-binNMU is also provided). This command line
option sets the APPEND_TO_VERSION configuration variable. See
sbuild.conf(5) for more information.
--clean-source
When executing sbuild from within an unpacked source tree,
execute the debian/rules clean target. This is the default and
might require some of the build dependencies installed on the
host. This command line option sets the CLEAN_SOURCE
configuration variable. See sbuild.conf(5) for more information.
--no-clean-source
When executing sbuild from within an unpacked source tree, do
not run the debian/rules clean target before building the source
package. Only set this if you start from a clean checkout and
you know what you are doing. This command line option sets the
CLEAN_SOURCE configuration variable. See sbuild.conf(5) for more
information.
--run-lintian
Run lintian after a successful build. This command line option
sets the RUN_LINTIAN configuration variable. See sbuild.conf(5)
for more information.
--no-run-lintian
Don't run lintian after a successful build. If sbuild is
configured to run lintian by default, this option will prevent
lintian being run. This command line option sets the
RUN_LINTIAN configuration variable. See sbuild.conf(5) for more
information.
--lintian-opt=options
Pass the specified option directly to lintian in addition to the
options already passed by sbuild. This option can be passed
multiple times (once per lintian option) and can be freely mixed
with the --lintian-opts option. Options will be passed to
lintian in the order that the --lintian-opt and --lintian-opts
options are given on the command line. This command line option
appends to the LINTIAN_OPTIONS configuration variable. See
sbuild.conf(5) for more information.
--lintian-opts=options
Pass the specified options directly to lintian in addition to
the options already passed by sbuild. The argument will be split
by whitespaces and the resulting array passed to the lintian
invocation. If any options contain spaces, use --lintian-opt for
them. This option can be passed multiple times and can be
freely mixed with the --lintian-opts option. Options will be
passed to lintian in the order that the --lintian-opt and
--lintian-opts options are given on the command line. This
command line option appends to the LINTIAN_OPTIONS configuration
variable. See sbuild.conf(5) for more information.
--run-piuparts
Run piuparts after a successful build. This command line option
sets the RUN_PIUPARTS configuration variable. See sbuild.conf(5)
for more information.
--no-run-piuparts
Don't run piuparts after a successful build. If sbuild is
configured to run piuparts by default, this option will prevent
piuparts being run. This command line option sets the
RUN_PIUPARTS configuration variable. See sbuild.conf(5) for more
information.
--piuparts-opt=options
Pass the specified option directly to piuparts in addition to
the options already passed by sbuild. This option can be passed
multiple times (once per piuparts option) and can be freely
mixed with the --piuparts-opts option. Options will be passed
to piuparts in the order that the --piuparts-opt and
--piuparts-opts options are given on the command line. Certain
percent escapes are supported. To write a literal percent sign,
escape it with another percent sign. See the section OPTION
STRING PERCENT ESCAPES for more information. This command line
option appends to the PIUPARTS_OPTIONS configuration variable.
See sbuild.conf(5) for more information.
--piuparts-opts=options
Pass the specified options directly to piuparts in addition to
the options already passed by sbuild. The argument will be split
by whitespaces and the resulting array passed to the piuparts
invocation. If any options contain spaces, use --piuparts-opt
for them. This option can be passed multiple times and can be
freely mixed with the --piuparts-opts option. Options will be
passed to piuparts in the order that the --piuparts-opt and
--piuparts-opts options are given on the command line. Certain
percent escapes are supported. To write a literal percent sign,
escape it with another percent sign. See the section OPTION
STRING PERCENT ESCAPES for more information. This command line
option appends to the PIUPARTS_OPTIONS configuration variable.
See sbuild.conf(5) for more information.
--piuparts-root-arg=options
Add an argument that is used to launch piuparts as root. Without
this option, the default is to use "sudo --" to launch piuparts.
If an empty string is supplied, then piuparts is launched
without any prefixed command. This option can be specified
multiple times. This command line option appends to the
PIUPARTS_ROOT_ARGS configuration variable. See sbuild.conf(5)
for more information.
--piuparts-root-args=options
Add arguments that are used to launch piuparts as root. Without
this option, the default is to use "sudo --" to launch piuparts.
If an empty string is supplied, then piuparts is launched
without any prefixed command. The argument will be split by
whitespaces. To pass options containing whitespaces use the
option --piuparts-root-arg. This command line option appends to
the PIUPARTS_ROOT_ARGS configuration variable. See
sbuild.conf(5) for more information.
--run-autopkgtest
Run autopkgtest after a successful build. This command line
option sets the RUN_AUTOPKGTEST configuration variable. See
sbuild.conf(5) for more information.
--no-run-autopkgtest
Don't run autopkgtest after a successful build. If sbuild is
configured to run autopkgtest by default, this option will
prevent autopkgtest being run. This command line option sets
the RUN_AUTOPKGTEST configuration variable. See sbuild.conf(5)
for more information.
--autopkgtest-opt=options
Pass the specified option directly to autopkgtest in addition to
the options already passed by sbuild. This option can be passed
multiple times (once per autopkgtest option) and can be freely
mixed with the --autopkgtest-opts option. Options will be
passed to autopkgtest in the order that the --autopkgtest-opt
and --autopkgtest-opts options are given on the command line.
Certain percent escapes are supported. To write a literal
percent sign, escape it with another percent sign. See the
section OPTION STRING PERCENT ESCAPES for more information.
This command line option appends to the AUTOPKGTEST_OPTIONS
configuration variable. See sbuild.conf(5) for more information.
--autopkgtest-opts=options
Pass the specified options directly to autopkgtest in addition
to the options already passed by sbuild. The argument will be
split by whitespaces and the resulting array passed to the
autopkgtest invocation. If any options contain spaces, use
--autopkgtest-opt for them. This option can be passed multiple
times and can be freely mixed with the --autopkgtest-opts
option. Options will be passed to autopkgtest in the order that
the --autopkgtest-opt and --autopkgtest-opts options are given
on the command line. Certain percent escapes are supported. To
write a literal percent sign, escape it with another percent
sign. See the section OPTION STRING PERCENT ESCAPES for more
information. This command line option appends to the
AUTOPKGTEST_OPTIONS configuration variable. See sbuild.conf(5)
for more information.
--autopkgtest-root-arg=options
Add an argument that is used to launch autopkgtest as root.
Without this option, the default is to use "sudo --" to launch
autopkgtest. If an empty string is supplied, then autopkgtest is
launched without any prefixed command. This option can be
specified multiple times. This command line option appends to
the AUTOPKGTEST_ROOT_ARGS configuration variable. See
sbuild.conf(5) for more information.
--autopkgtest-root-args=options
Add arguments that are used to launch autopkgtest as root.
Without this option, the default is to use "sudo --" to launch
autopkgtest. If an empty string is supplied, then autopkgtest is
launched without any prefixed command. The argument will be
split by whitespaces. To pass options containing whitespaces use
the option --autopkgtest-root-arg. This command line option
appends to the AUTOPKGTEST_ROOT_ARGS configuration variable. See
sbuild.conf(5) for more information.
--pre-build-commands=string
This is the earliest external command which is run right after
the chroot session has been initialized and before anything else
is done (like installing the build dependencies). The command is
run as root outside of the chroot. This option can be used
multiple times to add multiple commands. Certain percent escapes
are supported. To write a literal percent sign, escape it with
another percent sign. See the section EXTERNAL COMMANDS for more
information. This command line option appends to the
EXTERNAL_COMMENDS configuration variable. See sbuild.conf(5) for
more information.
--chroot-setup-commands=string
Run these commands after the chroot and variables have been
setup but before dependencies are installed. The command is run
as root inside of the chroot. This option can be used multiple
times to add multiple commands. Certain percent escapes are
supported. To write a literal percent sign, escape it with
another percent sign. See the section EXTERNAL COMMANDS for more
information. This command line option appends to the
EXTERNAL_COMMENDS configuration variable. See sbuild.conf(5) for
more information.
--chroot-update-failed-commands=string
Run these commands after any of 'apt-get update', 'apt-get
upgrade' or 'apt-get dist-upgrade' failed. The environment is
intact, and the failure can be investigated. Especially
%SBUILD_SHELL is useful here. This option can be used multiple
times to add multiple commands. Certain percent escapes are
supported. To write a literal percent sign, escape it with
another percent sign.See the section EXTERNAL COMMANDS for more
information. This command line option appends to the
EXTERNAL_COMMENDS configuration variable. See sbuild.conf(5) for
more information.
--build-deps-failed-commands=string
These commands are run if installing the build dependencies has
failed directly after the failed attempt. The environment is
intact, and the failure can be investigated. Especially
%SBUILD_SHELL is useful here. The command is run as root inside
the chroot. This option can be used multiple times to add
multiple commands. Certain percent escapes are supported. To
write a literal percent sign, escape it with another percent
sign. See the section EXTERNAL COMMANDS for more information.
This command line option appends to the EXTERNAL_COMMENDS
configuration variable. See sbuild.conf(5) for more information.
--starting-build-commands=string
Run these commands after dependencies are installed, just before
the package build with dpkg-buildpackage starts. The command is
run as the (non-root) user running sbuild inside the chroot.
This option can be used multiple times to add multiple commands.
Certain percent escapes are supported. To write a literal
percent sign, escape it with another percent sign. See the
section EXTERNAL COMMANDS for more information. This command
line option appends to the EXTERNAL_COMMENDS configuration
variable. See sbuild.conf(5) for more information.
--finished-build-commands=string
Run these commands immediately after the timed package build
finishes. The command is run as the (non-root) user running
sbuild inside the chroot. This option can be used multiple
times to add multiple commands. Certain percent escapes are
supported. To write a literal percent sign, escape it with
another percent sign. See the section EXTERNAL COMMANDS for more
information. This command line option appends to the
EXTERNAL_COMMENDS configuration variable. See sbuild.conf(5) for
more information.
--build-failed-commands=string
These commands are run if dpkg-buildpackage has failed directly
after the failed attempt. The environment is intact, and the
failure can be investigated. Especially %SBUILD_SHELL is useful
here. The command is run as the (non-root) user running %sbuild
inside the chroot. This option can be used multiple times to add
multiple commands. Certain percent escapes are supported. To
write a literal percent sign, escape it with another percent
sign. See the section EXTERNAL COMMANDS for more information.
This command line option appends to the EXTERNAL_COMMENDS
configuration variable. See sbuild.conf(5) for more information.
--chroot-cleanup-commands=string
Run these commands when a chroot is cleaned up, before build
directory is purged. The command is run as root inside the
chroot. This option can be used multiple times to add multiple
commands. Certain percent escapes are supported. To write a
literal percent sign, escape it with another percent sign. See
the section EXTERNAL COMMANDS for more information. This
command line option appends to the EXTERNAL_COMMENDS
configuration variable. See sbuild.conf(5) for more information.
--post-build-commands=string
Run this command after a successful build. The command is run as
root outside of the chroot. This option can be used multiple
times to add multiple commands. Certain percent escapes are
supported. To write a literal percent sign, escape it with
another percent sign. See the section EXTERNAL COMMANDS for more
information. This command line option appends to the
EXTERNAL_COMMENDS configuration variable. See sbuild.conf(5) for
more information.
--anything-failed-commands=string
Run these commands for all the --xxx-failed-commands options.
Especially %SBUILD_SHELL is useful here. This option can be used
multiple times to add multiple commands. Certain percent escapes
are supported. To write a literal percent sign, escape it with
another percent sign. See the section EXTERNAL COMMANDS for more
information. This command line option appends to the
EXTERNAL_COMMENDS configuration variable. See sbuild.conf(5) for
more information.
--log-external-command-output
Write output from external commands to the build log. This
command line option sets the LOG_EXTERNAL_COMMAND_OUTPUT
configuration variable. See sbuild.conf(5) for more information.
--log-external-command-error
Write error output from external commands to the build log.
This command line option sets the LOG_EXTERNAL_COMMAND_ERROR
configuration variable. See sbuild.conf(5) for more information.
--setup-hook=hook-script DEPRECATED
This option is deprecated. Use of this option will add hook-
script to the external commands to run via chroot-setup-
commands. This command line option sets the CHROOT_SETUP_SCRIPT
configuration variable and appends to the EXTERNAL_COMMENDS
configuration variable. See sbuild.conf(5) for more information.
--build-dep-resolver=resolver
Use the specified resolver to handle selecting the build
dependencies. Supported resolvers are apt (the default),
aptitude, aspcud and xapt. The apt resolver is the most
appropriate resolver for most users, for building for unstable,
stable and other distributions. If alternative build
dependencies are used (excluding architecture restrictions),
only the first alternative will be used; the others will be
ignored. The aptitude resolver is very similar, but smarter and
slower, and it will consider all alternatives by default; it is
suited to more complex situations, such as building packages for
the experimental distribution, where packages need installing
from multiple suites (unstable and experimental). Due to
performance and other issues (bug #139615), aptitude is not
recommended for use by default. If the dependency situation is
so complex that neither apt nor aptitude are able to find a
solution, then you can use the aspcud resolver. This resolver
uses apt-cudf to ask aspcud, a real solver (in the math sense),
to find a solution to the installation problem. Since aspcud
uses a real solver (an ASP solver) it will always find a
solution if one exists. The solution found by the aspcud
resolver can be refined by changing the default optimization
criteria through the --aspcud-criteria option. The xapt
resolver is intended only for cross-building, and is a temporary
transitional feature which will be removed following the
complete introduction of multi-arch support. This command line
option sets the BUILD_DEP_RESOLVER configuration variable. See
sbuild.conf(5) for more information.
--aspcud-criteria=criteria
Optimization criteria in extended MISC 2012 syntax passed to
aspcud through apt-cudf. Optimization criteria are separated by
commas, sorted by decreasing order of priority and are prefixed
with a polarity (+ to maximize and - to minimize). The default
criteria is -removed,-changed,-new which first minimizes the
number of removed packages, then the number of changed packages
(up or downgrades) and then the number of new packages. A common
task is to minimize the number of packages from experimental.
To do this you can add a criteria like -count(solution,APT-
Release:=/a=experimental/) to the default criteria. This will
then minimize the number of packages in the solution which
contain the string a=experimental in the APT-Release field of
the EDSP output created by apt. For more help on how to write
optimization criteria, see the apt-cudf(1) man page.
Specifically the help on the --criteria option. This command
line option sets the ASPCUD_CRITERIA configuration variable. See
sbuild.conf(5) for more information.
--resolve-alternatives
Allow the use of alternatives in Build-Depends, Build-Depends-
Arch and Build-Depends-Indep. This is the default for the
aptitude dependency resolver. This command line option sets the
RESOLVE_ALTERNATIVES configuration variable. See sbuild.conf(5)
for more information.
--no-resolve-alternatives
Do not allow the use of alternatives in Build-Depends, Build-
Depends-Arch and Build-Depends-Indep. Note that alternatives
for the same package (e.g. different versions) are still
allowed. This is the default for the apt and xapt dependency
resolvers. This command line option sets the
RESOLVE_ALTERNATIVES configuration variable. See sbuild.conf(5)
for more information.
--extra-package=package.deb
Make package.deb available for build-dependency resolution, by
adding it to a temporary archive created by sbuild. This makes
it easier to build packages against locally-built build
dependencies, without waiting for those packages to enter the
main archive, or going through the hassle of maintaining a local
archive and making it accessible inside the chroot. package.deb
is copied into the chroot, so it can refer to any path on the
host system. This command line option appends to the
EXTRA_PACKAGES configuration variable. See sbuild.conf(5) for
more information.
--extra-repository=spec
Add a repository to the list of apt sources during the package
build. The repository specification is a line suitable for an
apt sources.list(5) file. For instance, you might use
--extra-repository="deb http://httpredir.debian.org/debian
experimental main" to allow packages in the experimental
distribution to fulfill build-dependencies. Note that the build
chroot must already trust the key of this repository or a key
must be given with the --extra-repository-key flag (see apt-
secure(8)). This command line option appends to the
EXTRA_REPOSITORIES configuration variable. See sbuild.conf(5)
for more information.
--extra-repository-key=file.asc
Add file.asc to the list of trusted keys inside the chroot. The
key is read from the filename given, and added to the trusted
keys. For more information, see apt-secure(8). This flag is
particularly useful if the target in --extra-repository is not
signed with a key that's trusted by the base chroot. This
command line option appends to the EXTRA_REPOSITORY_KEYS
configuration variable. See sbuild.conf(5) for more information.
--build-path=string
By default the package is built in a path of the following
format /build/packagename-XXXXXX/packagename-version/ where
XXXXXX is a random ascii string. This option allows one to
specify a custom path where the package is built inside the
chroot. Notice that the sbuild user in the chroot must have
permissions to create the path. Common writable locations are
subdirectories of /tmp or /build. The buildpath must be an empty
directory because the last component of the path will be removed
after the build is finished. If you are running multiple sbuild
instances with the same build path in parallel for the same
package, make sure that your build path is not in a directory
commonly mounted by all sbuild instances (like /tmp or /home).
In that case, use for example /build instead. Otherwise, your
builds will probably fail or contain wrong content. This
command line option sets the BUILD_PATH configuration variable.
See sbuild.conf(5) for more information.
--adt-virt-server=schroot|lxc|chroot|qemu|ssh
The adt virtualization server. Can be specified with or without
the adt-virt- prefix. For instance, the following set of
command line options will use the adt-virt-schroot backend for a
package build: --chroot-mode=adt --adt-virt-server=schroot
--chroot unstable-amd64-sbuild The value of the --chroot option
will be passed as the last positional argument to the adt-virt-*
invocation. Thus, the value of the --chroot option becomes the
image name of the virtual machine in case of adt-virt-qemu, the
lxc-container name in case of adt-virt-lxc, the path to the
chroot in case of adt-virt-chroot, the name of the schroot in
case of adt-virt-schroot and so on. This command line option
sets the ADT_VIRT_SERVER configuration variable. See
sbuild.conf(5) for more information.
--adt-virt-server-opt=string
Pass the specified option directly to the respective adt-virt-*
virtualization server in addition to the options already passed
by sbuild. This option can be passed multiple times (once per
adt-virt-* option) and can be freely mixed with the --adt-virt-
server-opts option. Options will be passed to the respective
adt-virt-* virtualization server in the order that the --adt-
virt-server-opt and --adt-virt-server-opts options are given on
the command line. See the manual pages of the respective adt-
virt-* commands for more information. Certain percent escapes
are supported. To write a literal percent sign, escape it with
another percent sign. See the section OPTION STRING PERCENT
ESCAPES for more information. This command line option appends
to the ADT_VIRT_SERVER_OPTIONS configuration variable. See
sbuild.conf(5) for more information.
--adt-virt-server-opts=options
Pass the specified options directly to the respective adt-virt-*
virtualization server in addition to the options already passed
by sbuild. The argument will be split by whitespaces and the
resulting array passed to the adt-virt-* invocation. If any
options contain spaces, use --adt-virt-server-opt for them.
This option can be passed multiple times and can be freely mixed
with the --adt-virt-server-opts option. Options will be passed
to the respective adt-virt-* virtualization server in the order
that the --adt-virt-server-opt and --adt-virt-server-opts
options are given on the command line. See the manual pages of
the respective adt-virt-* commands for more information.
Certain percent escapes are supported. To write a literal
percent sign, escape it with another percent sign. See the
section OPTION STRING PERCENT ESCAPES for more information.
This command line option appends to the ADT_VIRT_SERVER_OPTIONS
configuration variable. See sbuild.conf(5) for more information.
--sbuild-mode=mode
Behaviour changes for use in a buildd environment. This command
line option sets the SBUILD_MODE configuration variable. See
sbuild.conf(5) for more information.
- stats-dir=directory
Directory for writing build statistics to. This command line
option sets the STATS_DIR configuration variable. See
sbuild.conf(5) for more information.
BUILD ARTIFACTS
Sbuild is meant to be used to build architecture specific binary packages from a given source package. In addition, sbuild is also able to generate architecture independent binary packages as well as to rebuild the original source package that was used as input. In summary, sbuild is able to build architecture specific binary packages, architecture independent binary packages and source packages. What ends up being built is determined by the configuration variables BUILD_ARCH_ANY, BUILD_ARCH_ALL and BUILD_SOURCE, respectively. See sbuild.conf(5) for a detailed explanation of these configuration variables. By default, only BUILD_ARCH_ANY is set to true while BUILD_ARCH_ALL and BUILD_SOURCE are set to false. So by default only architecture specific binary packages will be built. This behaviour can be changed either by using command line options or by modifying the configuration variables in your ~/.sbuildrc. The relevant command line options to change the values of BUILD_ARCH_ANY, BUILD_ARCH_ALL and BUILD_SOURCE are --arch- any/--no-arch-any, --arch-all/--no-arch-all and --source/--no-source, respectively. The values of BUILD_ARCH_ANY, BUILD_ARCH_ALL and BUILD_SOURCE change the parameter that dpkg-buildpackage is called with. The following table displays the argument passed to dpkg-buildpackage in the last column depending on the configuration options in the first three columns. BUILD_ARCH_ANY BUILD_ARCH_ALL BUILD_SOURCE dpkg-buildpackage flag false false false invalid false false true -S false true false -A false true true -g true false false -B true false true -G true true false -b true true true no option
EXTERNAL COMMANDS
Support to run external commands during an sbuild run is provided. A
set of external commands can be run at various stages of a build.
Providing commands to run is done through the appropriate options given
on the command line and through the use of the configuration files. In
the configuration file, the list of commands to run are placed in a
hash of arrays of arrays of strings corresponding to the commands to
run.
There are several sets of commands. The pre/post-build- commands are
run external to the chroot. The chroot-setup/cleanup- commands and
Starting/Finished-Build- commands are run inside the chroot. They are
all run as root except the Starting/Finishing-build- commands, which
are run as the current sbuild user. chroot-update-failed and
build-deps-failed runs similarly to chroot-setup: in the chroot as
root. build-failed runs similarly to finished-build: in the chroot as
the user.
Here is a summary of the ordering, user, internal/external to chroot
for each command hook
The following table shows each command hook in the context of the tasks
sbuild performs. The column root shows whether the command is run as
root (yes) or not (no). The column chroot shows whether the command is
run inside our outside the chroot. The working directory inside the
chroot is the one marked with <<BUILDDIR>> inside the log. By default,
this is a directory of the format /build/packagename-XXXXXX/ where
XXXXXX is a random ascii string. Otherwise, it is the directory set by
--build-path or by the BUILD_PATH configuration option. The working
directory outside of the chroot is $HOME. The remaining columns show
the percent escapes that are defined in each command. Percent escapes
that are available in all commands (%%, %a, %b, %s) are omitted. The
value maybe in the column for the %d and %p escapes means that the
value can not relied upon to be defined in these stages. More
specifically, these escapes will not be defined at these points if the
user specified a source package name without a version on the command
line. In that case, the version will only become known after the source
package has been retrieved in the "Fetch and unpack source package"
stage.
command/action root chroot %c %e %d,%p
Initialise chroot session
--pre-build-commands yes outside no yes maybe
Setup the chroot and variables
--chroot-setup-commands yes inside no no maybe
Update and upgrade packages
--chroot-update-failed-commands yes inside no no maybe
Fetch and unpack source package
Install Dependencies
--build-deps-failed-commands yes inside no no yes
--starting-build-commands no inside no no yes
Run dpkg-buildpackage
--build-failed-commands no inside no no yes
--finished-build-commands no inside no no yes
Run lintian (if configured)
Cleanup build files and dependencies
--chroot-cleanup-commands yes inside yes no yes
Close schroot session
Run piuparts (if configured)
Run autopkgtest (if configured)
--post-build-commands yes outside yes yes yes
The commands can be given in the configuration files. They can be given
as strings or as a list of arguments. For example, to run "foo" and
"bar" with arguments before a build starts, specifying the "foo"
command as a list and "bar" as a string, one could do this:
$external_commands = {
"pre-build-commands" => [
['foo', 'arg1', 'arg2'],
'bar arg1 arg2 arg3',
],
};
Hash keys for commands to run at other stages have the same name as
their corresponding command-line option name without the preceding
'--'.
Here's an example of how to do the same with the previous example,
except using the --pre-build-commands option.
$ sbuild \
--pre-build-commands='foo arg1 arg2' \
--pre-build-commands='bar arg1 arg2 arg3'
Note that all these commands are executed through the shell in
"/bin/sh". If specifying the command as a list in the config file, very
few shell facilities are supported: no redirection, no command
concatenation with ; and so on. When passing a string (in the config
file or on the commandline), the string is passed as-is to the shell.
So all shell facilities are available, given that you escape everything
properly, as you would in an interactive shell.
Besides running external commands, sbuild can also detect the use of
certain percent escapes given as arguments. These are used to allow for
a command to be supplied with a certain argument depending on the
escape given. For example, it could be possible to have an external
command be given the path to a .changes file.
Here is a listing of keywords and a description of what it's converted
to.
%% Used to escape a '%'.
%d, %SBUILD_DSC
These escapes are converted to the absolute path to a package's
.dsc file.
%c, %SBUILD_CHANGES
These escapes are converted to the absolute path to a package's
source .changes file. This is the .changes file generated by the
dpkg-buildpackage invocation and not the source-only .changes
file that might've been produced additionally via --source-only-
changes. This variable is only set after the build is finished,
i.e in --chroot-cleanup-commands and --post-build-commands.
%a, %SBUILD_HOST_ARCH
These escapes are converted to the debian name of the
architecture the build is being built for (e.g amd64, armhf).
%e, %SBUILD_CHROOT_EXEC
These escapes are converted to a command which can be executed
on a host and can be given arguments which will then be executed
inside the chroot. Standard input and output of the process
started inside the chroot are connected to the program executed
on the host. Thus, this command can also be used to copy data
into the chroot and out of the chroot. The working directory of
the process started inside the chroot is the root directory of
the chroot. The process is started as the root user. This
variable is not set if the external command is run inside the
chroot. Thus this escape is only available for
--pre-build-commands and --post-build-commands.
%b, %SBUILD_BUILD_DIR
These escapes are converted to the absolute path to the build
directory inside the chroot.
%p, %SBUILD_PKGBUILD_DIR
These escapes are converted to the absolute path to the package
build directory inside the chroot.
%s, %SBUILD_SHELL
This is converted to a command to spawn an interactive "bash"
shell
Percent escapes are only substituted when an appropriate value is
defined for them. At other times, it is left unchanged. In practice
this means that there are only two escapes that are not available in
all external commands: %c and %e. For example, a .changes file is only
defined at the end of a build, so using %c will only be substituted for
post-build-commands.
Here's an example of using an escape to run a program foo on a .changes
file after a build is done.
$ sbuild --post-build-commands \
'foo %SBUILD_CHANGES'
And here's an example that will spawn an interactive shell to
investigate the problem whenever the build failed:
$ sbuild --build-failed-commands '%SBUILD_SHELL'
The following example would copy a file from the host into the chroot:
$ sbuild --pre-build-commands \
'cat blub.txt | %SBUILD_CHROOT_EXEC sh -c "cat > blub.txt"'
One final note, external commands are processed in the order they are
given. Also, the commands given in a configuration file are processed
first, then the commands given through the command line options.
OPTION STRING PERCENT ESCAPES
Besides for external command strings, percent escapes can also be used
in custom options passed to piuparts, autopkgtest and the chosen adt-
virt server. This is for example useful for communicating the right
chroot backend to piuparts or autopkgtest depending on the distribution
or architecture the source package was built for.
Here is a listing of keywords and a description of what it's converted
to.
%% Used to escape a '%'.
%a, %SBUILD_HOST_ARCH
These escapes are converted to the debian name of the
architecture the build is being built for (e.g amd64, armhf).
%r, %SBUILD_DISTRIBUTION
The distribution that the source package was built for. This is
the value recorded in debian/changelog or the value passed via
the --dist option. Mnemonic: the r is the first letter in
"release".
Here is an example that will run piuparts with the right schroot
chroot:
$ sbuild --run-piuparts \
--piuparts-opts="--schroot=%r-%a-sbuild"
Or an example of running autopkgtest with the right schroot chroot:
$ sbuild --run-autopkgtest \
--autopkgtest-opts="-- schroot %r-%a-sbuild"
To achieve the same effect via the configuration file, add the
following:
$piuparts_opts = [ '--schroot=%r-%a-sbuild' ];
$autopkgtest_opts = [ '--', 'schroot', '%r-%a-sbuild' ];
LOCAL ARCHIVE
The apt and aptitude resolvers create a local archive for installing
build dependencies. This is an internal implementation detail of the
build dependency resolver, which is not user configurable, and is
intended to be entirely transparent to the user. The local archive
exists only transiently during the package build. It does not persist
across builds, and it is only used to store the dummy dependency
packages created for a single build.
The dependency resolvers do the following:
* Create a dummy dependency package. This contains the Build-
Depends (and optionally Build-Depends-Arch and Build-Depends-
Indep) as Depends, and Build-Conflicts (and optionally Build-
Conflicts-Arch and Build-Conflicts-Indep) as Conflicts.
* Install the dummy dependency package into the local archive,
* Generate the Packages, Sources and Release files.
* Write a sources.list file for the local archive into
/etc/apt/sources.list.d.
* Inject the lists directly into /var/lib/apt/lists. This step is
to save running updating all apt sources which is undesirable
during a build; apt and aptitude do not support updating a
single source at present.
* Regenerate the apt caches to ensure everything is in sync.
* Install the dummy dependency package with apt or aptitude; the
dummy package is pulled from the local apt archive, while all
its dependencies are pulled from the regular configured apt
sources.
At the end of the build, the local archive is removed, along with the
rest of the build tree.
EXAMPLES
Before you use sbuild for the first time, you have to do some setup depending on the chroot backend you are using. The default backend is schroot. To use sbuild with the schroot backend, you need to add your user to the sbuild group and create a schroot chroot. The latter can be accomplished by using sbuild-createchroot(8). If the chroot contains a Debian derivative with apt (<< 0.8.16~exp3), or a Debian release before Wheezy, then it is also required to create gpg key pairs using sbuild- update --keygen. After this one time setup, you can now use sbuild to build packages like this: % sbuild -d unstable bash Or on a .dsc: % sbuild -d unstable bash.dsc Or from within an unpacked source package (the -d parameter is not necessary here because the distribution is inferred from debian/copyright): % sbuild
ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
The following environment variables are used by sbuild:
HOME The home directory of the user.
LOGNAME
Used in lockfiles.
SBUILD_CONFIG
Path to an additional configuration file on top of the system
wide and user specific ones.
FILES
/etc/sbuild/sbuild.conf
Configuration, maintained by the system administrator. This may
be used to override the defaults.
/etc/sbuild/chroot
Directory containing symbolic links to chroots. This is only
used for sudo chroot access; schroot access uses the schroot
chroot configuration.
~/.sbuildrc
User-specific configuration. A custom path to a configuration
file can also be specified through setting the SBUILD_CONFIG
environment variable to the path of an additional configuration
file.
/var/lib/sbuild
Build trees, archive signing keys, build statistics and lock
files.
AUTHORS
Roman Hodek <[email protected]>. sbuild is based on debbuild, written by James Troup <[email protected]> and has been modified by Ben Collins <[email protected]>, Ryan Murray <[email protected]>, Francesco Paolo Lovergine <[email protected]>, Michael Banck <[email protected]>, and Roger Leigh <[email protected]>
COPYRIGHT
Copyright 1998-2000 Roman Hodek <[email protected]> Copyright 1998-1999 James Troup <[email protected]> Copyright 2003-2006 Ryan Murray <[email protected]> Copyright 2001-2003 Rick Younie <[email protected]> Copyright 2003-2004 Francesco Paolo Lovergine <[email protected]> Copyright 2005 Michael Banck <[email protected]> Copyright 2005-2009 Roger Leigh <[email protected]>
SEE ALSO
sbuild.conf(5), sbuild-abort(1), sbuild-adduser(8), sbuild-apt(1), sbuild-checkpackages(1), sbuild-createchroot(8), sbuild-distupgrade(1), sbuild-hold(1), sbuild-setup(7). sbuild-shell(1), sbuild-unhold(1), sbuild-update(1), sbuild-upgrade(1), schroot(1),
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Free Office Software - The Libre Office suite provides top desktop productivity tools for free. This includes, a word processor, spreadsheet, presentation engine, drawing and flowcharting, database and math applications. Libre Office is available for Linux or Windows.
Free Books
The Free Books Library is a collection of thousands of the most popular public domain books in an online readable format. The collection includes great classical literature and more recent works where the U.S. copyright has expired. These books are yours to read and use without restrictions.
Source Code - Want to change a program or know how it works? Open Source provides the source code for its programs so that anyone can use, modify or learn how to write those programs themselves. Visit the GNU source code repositories to download the source.
Education
Study at Harvard, Stanford or MIT - Open edX provides free online courses from Harvard, MIT, Columbia, UC Berkeley and other top Universities. Hundreds of courses for almost all major subjects and course levels. Open edx also offers some paid courses and selected certifications.
Linux Manual Pages - A man or manual page is a form of software documentation found on Linux/Unix operating systems. Topics covered include computer programs (including library and system calls), formal standards and conventions, and even abstract concepts.
