pw2userdb(8)
NAME
makeuserdb - create /etc/courier/userdb
SYNOPSIS
makeuserdb [-f filename] pw2userdb vchkpw2userdb [--vpopmailhome=dir] [--todir=dir]
DESCRIPTION
makeuserdb creates /etc/courier/userdb.dat from the contents of
/etc/courier/userdb. /etc/courier/userdb's contents are described
later in this document. Maildrop, Courier, and other applications use
/etc/courier/userdb.dat as a substitute/complement for your system
password file. The usual purpose for /etc/courier/userdb.dat is to
specify "virtual" accounts - accounts that do not have an associated
system login. Usually (but not necessarily) all virtual accounts share
the same system userid. /etc/courier/userdb.dat may also replace your
system password file. Because the system password file is a text file,
when there's a large number of accounts it will be significantly faster
to search @userdb.dat@, which is a binary database, instead of a flat
text file that the system password file usually is.
The makeuserdb command can be safely executed during normal system
activity.
The -f option creates filename.dat from filename, instead of the
default /etc/courier/userdb.dat from /etc/courier/userdb.
Format of /etc/courier/userdb
/etc/courier/userdb is a plain text file that can be created using any
text editor. Blank lines are ignored. Lines that start with the #
character are comments, and are also ignored. Other lines define
properties of a single "account", one line per account.
/etc/courier/userdb may be a directory instead of a plain file. In that
case all files in /etc/courier/userdb are essentially concatenated, and
are treated as a single file. Each line takes the following format:
name<TAB>field=value|field=value...
name is the account name. name MUST contain only lowercase characters
If Courier is configured to treat lowercase and uppercase account names
as identical, name is followed by exactly one tab character, then a
list of field/value pairs separated by vertical slashes. field is the
name of the field, value is the field value. Fields and values themself
cannot contain slashes or control characters. Fields may be specified
in any order. Here are all the currently defined fields. Note that not
every field is used by every application that reads
/etc/courier/userdb.dat.
uid - value is a (possibly) unique numerical user ID for this account.
gid - value is a (possibly) unique numerical group ID for this account.
home - value is the account's home directory.
shell - value is the account's default login shell.
systempw - value is the account's password. See userdbpw(8)[1] for
details on how to set up this field.
pop3pw, esmtppw, imappw... - value specifies a separate password used
only for authenticating access using a specific service, such as POP3,
IMAP, or anything else. If not defined, systempw is always used. This
allows access to an account to be restricted only to certain services,
such as POP3, even if other services are also enabled on the server.
mail - value specifies the location of the account's Maildir mailbox.
This is an optional field that is normally used when userdb is used to
provide aliases for other mail accounts. For example, one particular
multi-domain E-mail service configuration that's used by both Qmail and
Courier servers is to deliver mail for a mailbox in a virtual domain,
such as "user@example.com", to a local mailbox called "example-user".
Instead of requiring the E-mail account holder to log in as
"example-user" to download mail from this account, a userdb entry for
"user@example.com" is set up with mail set to the location of
example-user's Maildir mailbox, thus hiding the internal mail
configuration from the E-mail account holder's view.
quota - value specifies the maildir quota for the account's Maildir.
This has nothing to do with actual filesystem quotas. Courier has a
software-based Maildir quota enforcement mechanism which requires
additional setup and configuration. See maildirquota(7)[2] for
additional information.
/etc/courier/userdbshadow.dat
All fields whose name ends with 'pw' will NOT copied to
/etc/courier/userdb.dat. These fields will be copied to
/etc/courier/userdbshadow.dat. makeuserdb creates
/etc/courier/userdbshadow.dat without any group and world permissions.
Note that makeuserdb reports an error if /etc/courier/userdb has any
group or world permissions.
CONVERTING /etc/passwd and vpopmail to /etc/courier/userdb format
pw2userdb reads the /etc/passwd and /etc/shadow files and converts all
entries to the /etc/courier/userdb format, printing the result on
standard output. The output of pw2userdb can be saved as
/etc/courier/userdb (or as some file in this subdirectory). Linear
searches of /etc/passwd can be very slow when you have tens of
thousands of accounts. Programs like maildrop always look in
/etc/courier/userdb first. By saving the system password file in
/etc/courier/userdb it is possible to significantly reduce the amount
of time it takes to look up this information.
After saving the output of pw2userdb, you must still run makeuserdb to
create /etc/courier/userdb.dat.
vchkpw2userdb converts a vpopmail-style directory hierarchy to the
/etc/courier/userdb format. This is an external virtual domain
management package that's often used with Qmail servers.
Generally, an account named 'vpopmail' is reserved for this purpose. In
that account the file users/vpasswd has the same layout as /etc/passwd,
and performs a similar function, except that all userid in
users/vpasswd have the same userid. Additionally, the domains
subdirectory stores virtual accounts for multiple domains. For example,
domains/example.com/vpasswd has the passwd file for the domain
example.com. Some systems also have a soft link, domains/default, that
points to a domain that's considered a "default" domain.
The vchkpw2userdb reads all this information, and tries to convert it
into the /etc/courier/userdb format. The --vpopmailhost option
specifies the top level directory, if it is not the home directory of
the vpopmail account.
The vchkpw2userdb script prints the results on standard output. If
specified, the --todir option tries to convert all vpasswd files one at
a time, saving each one individually in dir. For example:
mkdir /etc/courier/userdb
vchkpw2userdb --todir=/etc/courier/userdb/vpopmail
makeuserdb
It is still necessary to run makeuserdb, of course, to create the
binary database file /etc/courier/userdb.dat
NOTE: You are still required to create the /etc/courier/userdb entry
which maps system userids back to accounts, "uid=<TAB>name", if that's
applicable. vchkpw2userdb will not do it for you.
NOTE: makeuserdb may complain about duplicate entries, if your
"default" entries in users/vpasswd or domains/default/vpasswd are the
same as anything in any other /etc/courier/userdb file. It is also
likely that you'll end up with duplicate, but distinct, entries for
every account in the default domain. For example, if your default
domain is example.com, you'll end up with duplicate entries - you'll
have entries for both user and user@example.com.
If you intend to maintain the master set of accounts using
vchkpw/vpopmail, in order to avoid cleaning this up every time, you
might want to consider doing the following: run vchkpw2userdb once,
using the --todir option. Then, go into the resulting directory, and
replace one of the redundant files with a soft link to /dev/null. This
allows you to run vchkpw2userdb without having to go in and cleaning up
again, afterwards.
FILES
/etc/courier/userdb
/etc/courier/userdb.dat
/etc/courier/userdbshadow.dat
/etc/courier/userdb.tmp - temporary file
/etc/courier/userdbshadow.tmp - temporary file
BUGS
makeuserdb is a Perl script, and uses Perl's portable locking. Perl's documentation notes that certain combinations of locking options may not work with some networks.
SEE ALSO
userdb(8)[3], maildrop(8)[4], courier(8)[5], maildirquota(7)[2].
NOTES
1. userdbpw(8)
[set $man.base.url.for.relative.links]/userdbpw.html
2. maildirquota(7)
[set $man.base.url.for.relative.links]/maildirquota.html
3. userdb(8)
[set $man.base.url.for.relative.links]/userdb.html
4. maildrop(8)
[set $man.base.url.for.relative.links]/maildrop.html
5. courier(8)
[set $man.base.url.for.relative.links]/courier.html
Opportunity
Personal Opportunity - Free software gives you access to billions of dollars of software at no cost. Use this software for your business, personal use or to develop a profitable skill. Access to source code provides access to a level of capabilities/information that companies protect though copyrights. Open source is a core component of the Internet and it is available to you. Leverage the billions of dollars in resources and capabilities to build a career, establish a business or change the world. The potential is endless for those who understand the opportunity.
Business Opportunity - Goldman Sachs, IBM and countless large corporations are leveraging open source to reduce costs, develop products and increase their bottom lines. Learn what these companies know about open source and how open source can give you the advantage.
Free Software
Free Software provides computer programs and capabilities at no cost but more importantly, it provides the freedom to run, edit, contribute to, and share the software. The importance of free software is a matter of access, not price. Software at no cost is a benefit but ownership rights to the software and source code is far more significant.
Free Office Software - The Libre Office suite provides top desktop productivity tools for free. This includes, a word processor, spreadsheet, presentation engine, drawing and flowcharting, database and math applications. Libre Office is available for Linux or Windows.
Free Books
The Free Books Library is a collection of thousands of the most popular public domain books in an online readable format. The collection includes great classical literature and more recent works where the U.S. copyright has expired. These books are yours to read and use without restrictions.
Source Code - Want to change a program or know how it works? Open Source provides the source code for its programs so that anyone can use, modify or learn how to write those programs themselves. Visit the GNU source code repositories to download the source.
Education
Study at Harvard, Stanford or MIT - Open edX provides free online courses from Harvard, MIT, Columbia, UC Berkeley and other top Universities. Hundreds of courses for almost all major subjects and course levels. Open edx also offers some paid courses and selected certifications.
Linux Manual Pages - A man or manual page is a form of software documentation found on Linux/Unix operating systems. Topics covered include computer programs (including library and system calls), formal standards and conventions, and even abstract concepts.
