netscsid(1)
NAME
wodim - write data to optical disk media
SYNOPSIS
wodim [options] track1...trackn
NOTE
There may be similarities and differences between this program and other disk recording application(s). See the CREDITS and AUTHORS sections below to learn about the origin of wodim.
DESCRIPTION
wodim is used to record data or audio Compact Discs on an Orange Book
CD-Recorder or to write DVD media on a DVD-Recorder.
The device is the device file or label offered by the operating system
to access the recorder with SCSI GENERIC (sg) interface. Note that some
operating systems may provide separate device nodes for block-oriented
and sg access. For example, on older Linux systems, the sg access was
available through /dev/sg... files while the block oriented access was
done through associated (but not identical) /dev/hd... and /dev/sr...
(or /dev/scd... ) files.
In any case, the user running wodim needs read and write access to the
particular device file on a Linux system. It is recommended to be root
or install the application as suid-root, because certain versions of
Linux (kernel) limit the set of SCSI commands allowed for non-root
users. Even if usage without root identity is possible in many cases,
some device drivers still may fail, show unexplainable problems and
generally the problems become harder to debug. The risk for buffer-
underruns is also increased. See the PROCESS SCHEDULING PRIORITY
section below for more details.
There is an alternative way of specifying the device, using the
traditional SCSI descriptions in form of devicetype:bus/target/lun
specification. However, the success of this method is not guaranteed
since it requires an adaptation scheme for your architecture, and the
numbers may vary depending on the hardware-internal numbering or on the
order of hot-plug device detection. If your operating system does not
provide a sufficient framework for keeping this numbers persistent,
don't rely on them. See -scanbus and --devices options below for
details.
There are emulated SCSI compatible device systems, using the SCSI
protocols transported over various hardware/media types. The most known
examples is ATAPI ("IDE burners") or USB storage ("external USB case").
If the pseudo-SCSI b/t/l device address specification is used instead
of the native one, you need to prepend the "devicetype:" description to
the emulated "bus/target/lun" device address.
If a file /etc/wodim.conf exists, the parameter to the dev= option may
also be a drive name label in that file (see FILES section).
As a special exception, the device specification can be -1 or just
omitted, which invokes automatic guessing of an appropriate device for
the selected operation. However, this guessing is not available
everywhere and is not reliable; it is only available for the user's
convenience in simple environments.
In Track At Once mode, each track corresponds to a single file that
contains the prepared data for that track. If the argument is `-',
standard input is used for that track. Only one track may be taken
from stdin. In the other write modes, the direct file to track
relation may not be implemented. In -clone mode, a single file
contains all data for the whole disk. To allow DVD writing on
platforms that do not implement large file support, wodim concatenates
all file arguments to a single track when writing to DVD media.
PROCESS SCHEDULING PRIORITY
Wodim tries to get higher process priority using different methods. This is important because the burn process is usually a realtime task, no long delays should occur while transmitting fresh data to the recorder. This is especially important on systems with insufficient RAM where swapping can create delays of many seconds. A possible workaround on underpowered systems is the use of the burnfree or similar feature, allowing the recorder to resume. Root permissions are usually required to get higher process scheduling priority. On SVr4 compliant systems, wodim uses the real time class to get the highest scheduling priority that is possible (higher than all kernel processes). On systems with POSIX real time scheduling wodim uses real time scheduling too, but may not be able to gain a priority that is higher than all kernel processes. In order to be able to use the SCSI transport subsystem of the OS, run at highest priority and lock itself into core wodim either needs to be run as root, needs to be installed suid root or must be called via RBACs pfexec mechanism.
GENERAL OPTIONS
General options must be before any track file name or track option.
-version
Print version information and exit.
-v Increment the level of general verbosity by one. This is used
e.g. to display the progress of the writing process.
-V Increment the verbose level in respect of SCSI command transport
by one. This helps to debug problems during the writing
process, that occur in the CD/DVD-Recorder. If you get
incomprehensible error messages you should use this flag to get
more detailed output. -VV will show data buffer content in
addition. Using -V or -VV slows down the process and may be the
reason for a buffer underrun.
debug=#, -d
Set the misc debug value to # (with debug=#) or increment the
misc debug level by one (with -d). If you specify -dd, this
equals to debug=2. This may help to find problems while opening
a driver for libusal as well as with sector sizes and sector
types. Using -debug slows down the process and may be the
reason for a buffer underrun.
kdebug=#, kd=#
Tell the usal-driver to modify the kernel debug value while SCSI
commands are running.
-silent, -s
Do not print out a status report for failed SCSI commands.
-force Force to continue on some errors. Be careful when using this
option. wodim implements several checks that prevent you from
doing unwanted things like damaging CD-RW media by improper
drives. Many of the sanity checks are disabled when the -force
option is used.
This option also implements some tricks that will allow you to
blank bad CD-RW disks.
-immed Tell wodim to set the SCSI IMMED flag in certain commands
(load/eject/blank/close_track/close_session). This can be
useful on broken systems with ATAPI harddisk and CD/DVD writer
on the same bus or with SCSI systems that don't use
disconnect/reconnect. These systems will freeze while blanking
or fixating a CD/DVD or while a DVD writer is filling up a
session to the minimum amount (approx. 800 MB). Setting the
-immed flag will request the command to return immediately while
the operation proceeds in background, making the bus usable for
the other devices and avoiding the system freeze. This is an
experimental feature which may work or not, depending on the
model of the CD/DVD writer. A correct solution would be to set
up a correct cabling but there seem to be notebooks around that
have been set up the wrong way by the manufacturer. As it is
impossible to fix this problem in notebooks, the -immed option
has been added.
A second experimental feature of the -immed flag is to tell
wodim to try to wait short times while writing to the media.
This is expected to free the IDE bus if the CD/DVD writer and
the data source are connected to the same IDE cable. In this
case, the CD/DVD writer would otherwise usually block the IDE
bus for nearly all the time making it impossible to fetch data
from the source drive. See also minbuf= and -v option.
Use both features at your own risk. If it turns out that it
would make sense to have a separate option for the wait feature,
write to the author and convince him.
minbuf=value
The # minbuf= option allows to define the minimum drive buffer
fill ratio for the experimental ATAPI wait mode that is intended
to free the IDE bus to allow hard disk and CD/DVD writer to be
on the same IDE cable. As the wait mode currently only works
when the verbose option -v has been specified, wodim implies the
verbose option in case the -immed or minbuf= option have been
specified. Valid values for minbuf= are between 25 and 95 for
25%...95% minimum drive buffer fill ratio.
-dummy The CD/DVD-Recorder will go through all steps of the recording
process, but the laser is turned off during this procedure. It
is recommended to run several tests before actually writing to a
Compact Disk or Digital Versatile Disk, if the timing and load
response of the system is not known.
-clone Tells wodim to handle images created by readom -clone. The
-clone may only be used in conjunction with with the -raw96r or
with the -raw16 option. Using -clone together with -raw96r is
preferred as it allows to write all subchannel data. The option
-raw16 should only be used with drives that do not support to
write in -raw96r mode.
-dao
-sao Set SAO (Session At Once) mode which is usually called Disk At
Once mode. This currently only works with MMC drives that
support Session At Once mode. Note that wodim needs to know the
size of each track in advance for this mode (see the genisoimage
-print-size option and the EXAMPLES section for more
information).
-tao Set TAO (Track At Once) writing mode. This is the default write
mode in previous wodim versions. With most drives, this write
mode is required for multi session recording.
-raw Set RAW writing mode. Using this option defaults to -raw96r.
Note that wodim needs to know the size of each track in advance
for this mode (see the genisoimage -print-size option and the
EXAMPLES section for more information).
-raw96r
Select Set RAW writing mode with 2352 byte sectors plus 96 bytes
of raw P-W subchannel data resulting in a sector size of 2448
bytes. This is the preferred raw writing mode as it gives best
control over the CD writing process. If you find any problems
with the layout of a disk or with sub channel content (e.g.
wrong times on the display when playing the CD) and your drive
supports to write in -raw96r or -raw16 mode, you should give it
a try. There are several CD writers with bad firmware that
result in broken disks when writing in TAO or SAO mode. Writing
data disks in raw mode needs significantly more CPU time than
other write modes. If your CPU is too slow, this may result in
buffer underruns. Note that wodim needs to know the size of
each track in advance for this mode (see the genisoimage -print-
size option and the EXAMPLES section for more information).
-raw96p
Select Set RAW writing mode with 2352 byte sectors plus 96 bytes
of packed P-W subchannel data resulting in a sector size of 2448
bytes. This is the less preferred raw writing mode as only a
few recorders support it and some of these recorders have bugs
in the firmware implementation. Don't use this mode if your
recorder supports -raw96r or -raw16. Writing data disks in raw
mode needs significantly more CPU time than other write modes.
If your CPU is too slow, this may result in buffer underruns.
Note that wodim needs to know the size of each track in advance
for this mode (see the genisoimage -print-size option and the
EXAMPLES section for more information).
-raw16 Select Set RAW writing mode with 2352 byte sectors plus 16 bytes
of P-Q subchannel data resulting in a sector size of 2368 bytes.
If a recorder does not support -raw96r, this is the preferred
raw writing mode. It does not allow to write CD-Text or
CD+Graphics but it is the only raw writing mode in cheap CD
writers. As these cheap writers in most cases do not support
-dao mode. Don't use this mode if your recorder supports
-raw96r. Writing data disks in raw mode needs significantly
more CPU time than other write modes. If your CPU is too slow,
this may result in buffer underruns. Note that wodim needs to
know the size of each track in advance for this mode (see the
genisoimage -print-size option and the EXAMPLES section for more
information).
-multi Allow multi session CDs to be made. This flag needs to be
present on all sessions of a multi session disk, except you want
to create a session that will be the last session on the media.
The fixation will be done in a way that allows the CD/DVD-
Recorder to append additional sessions later. This is done by
generation a TOC with a link to the next program area. The so
generated media is not 100% compatible to manufactured CDs
(except for CDplus). Use only for recording of multi session
CDs. If this option is present, the default track type is CD-
ROM XA mode 2 form 1 and the sector size is 2048 bytes. The XA
sector subheaders will be created by the drive. The Sony drives
have no hardware support for CD-ROM XA mode 2 form 1. You have
to specify the -data option in order to create multi session
disks on these drives. As long as wodim does not have a coder
for converting data sectors to audio sectors, you need to force
CD-ROM sectors by including the -data option if you like to
record a multisession disk in SAO mode. Not all drives allow
multisession CDs in SAO mode.
-msinfo
Retrieve multi session info in a form suitable for genisoimage
and print it to standard output. See msifile= option for another
version.
This option makes only sense with a CD that contains at least
one closed session and is appendable (not finally closed yet).
Some drives create error messages if you try to get the multi
session info for a disk that is not suitable for this operation.
msifile=filename
Like -msinfo option but also stores the multi session info in a
file.
-toc Retrieve and print out the table of content or PMA of a CD.
With this option, wodim will work with CD-R drives and with CD-
ROM drives.
-atip Retrieve and print out the ATIP (absolute Time in Pre-groove)
info of a CD/DVD recordable or CD/DVD re-writable media. With
this option, wodim will try to retrieve the ATIP info. If the
actual drive does not support to read the ATIP info, it may be
that only a reduced set of information records or even nothing
is displayed. Only a limited number of MMC compliant drives
support to read the ATIP info.
If wodim is able to retrieve the lead-in start time for the
first session, it will try to decode and print the manufacturer
info from the media. DVD media does not have ATIP information
but there is equivalent prerecorded information that is read out
and printed.
-fix The disk will only be fixated (i.e. a TOC for a CD-Reader will
be written). This may be used, if for some reason the disk has
been written but not fixated. This option currently does not
work with old TEAC drives (CD-R50S and CD-R55S).
-nofix Do not fixate the disk after writing the tracks. This may be
used to create an audio disk in steps. An un-fixated disk can
usually not be used on a non CD-writer type drive but there are
audio CD players that will be able to play such a disk.
-waiti Wait for input to become available on standard input before
trying to open the SCSI driver. This allows wodim to read its
input from a pipe even when writing additional sessions to a
multi session disk. When writing another session to a multi
session disk, genisoimage needs to read the old session from the
device before writing output. This cannot be done if wodim
opens the SCSI driver at the same time.
-load Load the media and exit. This only works with a tray loading
mechanism but seems to be useful when using the Kodak disk
transporter.
-lock Load the media, lock the door and exit. This only works with a
tray loading mechanism but seems to be useful when using the
Kodak disk transporter.
-eject Eject disk after doing the work. Some devices (e.g. Philips)
need to eject the medium before creating a new disk. Doing a
-dummy test and immediately creating a real disk would not work
on these devices.
speed=#
Set the speed factor of the writing process to #. # is an
integer, representing a multiple of the audio speed. This is
about 150 KB/s for CD-ROM, about 172 KB/s for CD-Audio and about
1385 kB/s for DVD media. If no speed option is present, wodim
will try to get a drive specific speed value from the file
/etc/wodim.conf and if it cannot find one, it will try to get
the speed value from the CDR_SPEED environment and later from
the CDR_SPEED= entry in /etc/wodim.conf. If no speed value
could be found, wodim uses a drive specific default speed. The
default for all new (MMC compliant) drives is to use the maximum
supported by the drive. If you use speed=0 with a MMC compliant
drive, wodim will switch to the lowest possible speed for drive
and medium. If you are using an old (non MMC) drive that has
problems with speed=2 or speed=4, you should try speed=0.
blank=type
Blank a CD-RW and exit or blank a CD-RW before writing. The
blanking type may be one of:
help Display a list of possible blanking types.
all Blank the entire disk. This may take a long time.
fast Minimally blank the disk. This results in erasing
the PMA, the TOC and the pregap.
track Blank a track.
unreserve Unreserve a reserved track.
trtail Blank the tail of a track.
unclose Unclose last session.
session Blank the last session.
Not all drives support all blanking types. It may be necessary to use
blank=all if a drive reports a specified command as being invalid. If
used together with the -force flag, this option may be used to blank
CD-RW disks that otherwise cannot be blanked. Note that you may need to
specify blank=all because some drives will not continue with certain
types of bad CD-RW disks. Note also that wodim does its best if the
-force flag is used but it finally depends on the drive's firmware
whether the blanking operation will succeed or not.
-format
Format a CD-RW/DVD-RW/DVD+RW disc. Formatting is currently only
implemented for DVD+RW media. A 'maiden' DVD+RW media needs to
be formatted before you may write to it. However, as wodim
autodetects the need for formatting in this case and auto
formats the medium before it starts writing, the -format option
is only needed if you like to forcibly reformat a DVD+RW medium.
fs=# Set the FIFO (ring buffer) size to #. You may use the same
syntax as in dd(1), sdd(1) or star(1). The number representing
the size is taken in bytes unless otherwise specified. If a
number is followed directly by the letter `b', `k', `m', `s' or
`f', the size is multiplied by 512, 1024, 1024*1024, 2048 or
2352. If the size consists of numbers separated by `x' or `*',
multiplication of the two numbers is performed. Thus fs=10x63k
will specify a FIFO size of 630 kBytes.
The size specified by the fs= argument includes the shared
memory that is needed for administration. This is at least one
page of memory. If no fs= option is present, wodim will try to
get the FIFO size value from the CDR_FIFOSIZE environment. The
default FIFO size is currently 4 MB.
The FIFO is used to increase buffering for the real time writing
process. It allows to run a pipe from genisoimage directly into
wodim. If the FIFO is active and a pipe from genisoimage into
wodim is used to create a CD, wodim will abort prior to do any
modifications on the disk if genisoimage dies before it starts
writing. The recommended FIFO size is between 4 and 128 MBytes.
As a rule of thumb, the FIFO size should be at least equal to
the size of the internal buffer of the CD/DVD-Recorder and no
more than half of the physical amount of RAM available in the
machine. If the FIFO size is big enough, the FIFO statistics
will print a FIFO empty count of zero and the FIFO min fill is
not below 20%. It is not wise to use too much space for the
FIFO. If you need more than 8 MB to write a CD at a speed less
than 20x from an image on a local file system on an idle
machine, your machine is either underpowered, has hardware
problems or is mis-configured. If you like to write DVDs or CDs
at higher speed, it makes sense to use at least 16 MB for the
FIFO.
On old and small machines, you need to be more careful with the
FIFO size. If your machine has less than 256 MB of physical
RAM, you should not set up a FIFO size that is more than 32 MB.
The sun4c architecture (e.g. a Sparcstation-2) has only MMU page
table entries for 16 MBytes per process. Using more than
14 MBytes for the FIFO may cause the operating system in this
case to spend much time to constantly reload the MMU tables.
Newer machines from Sun do not have this MMU hardware problem. I
have no information on PC-hardware reflecting this problem.
Old Linux systems for non x86 platforms have broken definitions
for the shared memory size. You need to fix them and rebuild the
kernel or manually tell wodim to use a smaller FIFO.
If you have buffer underruns or similar problems (like a
constantly empty drive buffer) and observe a zero fifo empty
count, you have hardware problems that prevents the data from
flowing fast enough from the kernel memory to the drive. The
FIFO size in this case is sufficient, but you should check for a
working DMA setup.
ts=# Set the maximum transfer size for a single SCSI command to #.
The syntax for the ts= option is the same as for wodim fs=# or
sdd bs=#.
If no ts= option has been specified, wodim defaults to a
transfer size of 63 kB. If libusal gets lower values from the
operating system, the value is reduced to the maximum value that
is possible with the current operating system. Sometimes, it
may help to further reduce the transfer size or to enhance it,
but note that it may take a long time to find a better value by
experimenting with the ts= option.
dev=target
Sets the SCSI target for the CD/DVD-Recorder, see notes above.
A typical device specification is dev=6,0 . A filename or
virtual device name can be passed instead of the symbolic SCSI
numbers. The correct device/filename in this case can be found
in the system specific manuals of the target operating system.
On a FreeBSD system without CAM support, you need to use the
control device (e.g. /dev/rcd0.ctl). A correct device
specification in this case may be dev=/dev/rcd0.ctl:@ .
On Linux and Windows 2000/XP, drives are accessible with their
device (or drive) names or with the symbolic SCSI numbers (not
recommended, mapping is not stable and could be completely
removed in the future).
If no dev option is present, wodim will try to get the device
from the CDR_DEVICE environment.
If the argument to the dev= option does not contain the
characters ',', '/', '@' or ':', it is interpreted as an label
name that may be found in the file /etc/wodim.conf (see FILES
section).
gracetime=#
Set the grace time before starting to write to # seconds.
Values below 2 seconds are not recommended to give the kernel or
volume management a chance to learn the new state.
timeout=#
Set the default SCSI command timeout value to # seconds. The
default SCSI command timeout is the minimum timeout used for
sending SCSI commands. If a SCSI command fails due to a
timeout, you may try to raise the default SCSI command timeout
above the timeout value of the failed command. If the command
runs correctly with a raised command timeout, please report the
better timeout value and the corresponding command to the author
of the program. If no timeout option is present, a default
timeout of 40 seconds is used.
driver=name
Allows the user to manually select a driver for the device. The
reason for the existence of the driver=name option is to allow
users to use wodim with drives that are similar to supported
drives but not known directly by wodim. All drives made after
1997 should be MMC standard compliant and thus supported by one
of the MMC drivers. It is most unlikely that wodim is unable to
find the right driver automatically. Use this option with
extreme care. If a wrong driver is used for a device, the
possibility of creating corrupted disks is high. The minimum
problem related to a wrong driver is that the speed= or -dummy
will not work.
The following driver names are supported:
help To get a list of possible drivers together with a short
description.
mmc_cd The generic SCSI-3/mmc CD-ROM driver is auto-selected
whenever wodim finds a MMC compliant drive that does not
identify itself to support writing at all, or that only
identifies to support media or write modes not
implemented in wodim.
mmc_cd_dvd
The generic SCSI-3/mmc CD/DVD driver is auto-selected
whenever wodim finds a MMC-2 or MMC-3 compliant drive
that seems to support more than one medium type and the
tray is open or no medium could be found to select the
right driver. This driver tries to close the tray,
checks the medium found in the tray and then branches to
the driver that matches the current medium.
mmc_cdr
The generic SCSI-3/mmc CD-R/CD-RW driver is auto-selected
whenever wodim find a MMC compliant drive that only
supports to write CDs or a multi system drive that
contains a CD as the current medium.
mmc_cdr_sony
The generic SCSI-3/mmc CD-R/CD-RW driver is auto-selected
whenever wodim would otherwise select the mmc_cdr driver
but the device seems to be made by Sony. The
mmc_cdr_sony is definitely needed for the Sony CDU 928 as
this drive does not completely implement the MMC standard
and some of the MMC SCSI commands have to be replaced by
Sony proprietary commands. It seems that all Sony drives
(even newer ones) still implement the Sony proprietary
SCSI commands so it has not yet become a problem to use
this driver for all Sony drives. If you find a newer Sony
drive that does not work with this driver, please report.
mmc_dvd
The generic SCSI-3/mmc-2 DVD-R/DVD-RW driver is auto-
selected whenever wodim finds a MMC-2 or MMC-3 compliant
drive that supports to write DVDs and an appropriate
medium is loaded. There is no Track At Once mode for DVD
writers.
mmc_dvdplus
The generic SCSI-3/mmc-3 DVD+R/DVD+RW driver is auto-
selected whenever one of the DVD+ media types that are
incompatible to each other is found. It checks media and
then branches to the driver that matches the current
medium.
mmc_dvdplusr
The generic SCSI-3/mmc-3 DVD+R driver is auto-selected
whenever a DVD+R medium is found in an appropriate
writer. Note that for unknown reason, the DVD-Plus
alliance does not like that there is a simulation mode
for DVD+R media. The author of wodim tries to convince
manufacturers to implement a simulation mode for DVD+R
and implement support. DVD+R only supports one write
mode that is somewhere between Track At Once and Packet
writing; this mode is selected in wodim via a the
-dao/-sao option.
mmc_dvdplusrw
The generic SCSI-3/mmc-3 DVD+RW driver is auto-selected
whenever a DVD+RW medium is found in an appropriate
writer. As DVD+RW media needs to be formatted before its
first use, wodim auto-detects this media state and
performs a format before it starts to write. Note that
for unknown reason, the DVD-Plus alliance does not like
that there is a simulation mode nor a way to erase DVD+RW
media. DVD+RW only supports one write mode that is close
to Packet writing; this mode is selected in wodim via a
the -dao/-sao option.
cw_7501
The driver for Matsushita/Panasonic CW-7501 is auto-
selected when wodim finds this old pre MMC drive. wodim
supports all write modes for this drive type.
kodak_pcd_600
The driver for Kodak PCD-600 is auto-selected when wodim
finds this old pre MMC drive which has been the first
high speed (6x) CD writer for a long time. This drive
behaves similar to the Philips CDD-521 drive.
philips_cdd521
The driver for Philips CDD-521 is auto-selected when
wodim finds a Philips CDD-521 drive (which is the first
CD writer ever made) or one of the other drives that are
known to behave similar to this drive. All Philips
CDD-521 or similar drives (see other drivers in this
list) do not support Session At Once recording.
philips_cdd521_old
The driver for Philips old CDD-521 is auto-selected when
wodim finds a Philips CDD-521 with very old firmware
which has some known limitations.
philips_cdd522
The driver for Philips CDD-522 is auto-selected when
wodim finds a Philips CDD-522 which is the successor of
the 521 or one of its variants with Kodak label. wodim
does not support Session At Once recording with these
drives.
philips_dumb
The driver for Philips CDD-521 with pessimistic
assumptions is never auto-selected. It may be used by
hand with drives that behave similar to the Philips
CDD-521.
pioneer_dws114x
The driver for Pioneer DW-S114X is auto-selected when
wodim finds one of the old non MMC CD writers from
Pioneer.
plasmon_rf4100
The driver for Plasmon RF 4100 is auto-selected when
wodim finds this specific variant of the Philips CDD-521.
ricoh_ro1060c
The driver for Ricoh RO-1060C is auto-selected when wodim
finds this drive. There is no real support for this drive
yet.
ricoh_ro1420c
The driver for Ricoh RO-1420C is auto-selected when wodim
finds a drive with this specific variant of the Philips
CDD-521 command set.
scsi2_cd
The generic SCSI-2 CD-ROM driver is auto-selected
whenever wodim finds a pre MMC drive that does not
support writing or a pre MMC writer that is not supported
by wodim.
sony_cdu924
The driver for Sony CDU-924 / CDU-948 is auto-selected
whenever wodim finds one of the old pre MMC CD writers
from Sony.
teac_cdr50
The driver for Teac CD-R50S, Teac CD-R55S, JVC XR-W2010,
Pinnacle RCD-5020 is auto-selected whenever one of the
drives is found that is known to the non MMC command set
used by TEAC and JVC. Note that many drives from JVC
will not work because they do not correctly implement the
documented command set and JVC has been unwilling to fix
or document the bugs. There is no support for the
Session At Once write mode yet.
tyuden_ew50
The driver for Taiyo Yuden EW-50 is auto-selected when
wodim finds a drive with this specific variant of the
Philips CDD-521 command set.
yamaha_cdr100
The driver for Yamaha CDR-100 / CDR-102 is auto-selected
when wodim finds one of the old pre MMC CD writers from
Yamaha. There is no support for the Session At Once
write mode yet.
cdr_simul
The simulation CD-R driver allows to run timing and speed
tests with parameters that match the behavior of CD
writers.
dvd_simul
The simulation DVD-R driver allows to run timing and
speed tests with parameters that match the behavior of
DVD writers.
There are two special driver entries in the list: cdr_simul and
dvd_simul. These driver entries are designed to make timing
tests at any speed or timing tests for drives that do not
support the -dummy option. The simulation drivers implement a
drive with a buffer size of 1 MB that can be changed via the
CDR_SIMUL_BUFSIZE environment variable. The simulation driver
correctly simulates even a buffer underrun condition. If the
-dummy option is present, the simulation is not aborted in case
of a buffer underrun.
driveropts=option list
Set driver specific options. The options are specified a comma
separated list. To get a list of valid options use
driveropts=help together with the -checkdrive option. If you
like to set driver options without running a typical wodim task,
you need to use the -setdropts option in addition, otherwise the
command line parser in wodim will complain. Currently
implemented driver options are:
burnfree
Turn the support for Buffer Underrun Free writing on.
This only works for drives that support Buffer Underrun
Free technology, which is available on most drives
manufactured in this millennium. This may be called:
Sanyo BURN-Proof, Ricoh Just-Link, Yamaha Lossless-Link
or similar.
This option is deprecated and is mentioned here for
documentation purposes only. The BURN-Free feature is
enabled by default if the drive supports it. However,
use of BURN-Free may cause decreased burning quality.
Therefore it can be useful to disable it for certain
purposes, eg. when creating a master copy for mass CD
production.
noburnfree
Turn the support for Buffer Underrun Free writing off.
varirec=value
Turn on the Plextor VariRec writing mode. The mandatory
parameter value is the laser power offset and currently
may be selected from -2, -1, 0, 1, 2. In addition, you
need to set the write speed to 4 in order to allow
VariRec to work.
gigarec=value
Manage the Plextor GigaRec writing mode. The mandatory
parameter value is the disk capacity ratio compared to
normal recording and currently may be selected from 0.6,
0.7, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4. If values < 1.0 are used,
then the effect is similar to the Yamaha Audio Master Q.
R. feature. If values > 1.0 are used, then the disk
capacity is increased.
Not all drives support all GigaRec values. When a drive
uses the GigaRec feature, the write speed is limited to
8x.
audiomaster
Turn on the Yamaha Audio Master Q. R. feature which
usually should result in high quality CDs that have less
reading problems in Hi-Fi players. As this is
implemented as a variant of the Session at Once write
mode, it will only work if you select SAO write mode and
there is no need to turn it off. The Audio Master mode
will work with a limited speed but may also be used with
data CDs. In Audio Master mode, the pits on the CD will
be written larger then usual so the capacity of the
medium is reduced when turning this feature on. A 74
minute CD will only have a capacity of 63 minutes if
Audio Master is active and the capacity of a 80 minute CD
will be reduced to 68 minutes.
forcespeed
Normally, modern drives know the highest possible speed
for different media and may reduce the speed in order to
grant best write quality. This technology may be called:
Plextor PowerRec, Ricoh Just-Speed, Yamaha Optimum Write
Speed Control or similar. Some drives (e.g. Plextor,
Ricoh and Yamaha) allow to force the drive to use the
selected speed even if the medium is so bad that the
write quality would be poor. This option tells such a
drive to force to use the selected speed regardless of
the medium quality.
Use this option with extreme care and note that the drive
should know better which medium will work at full speed.
The default is to turn forcespeed off, regardless of the
defaults of the drive.
noforcespeed
Turn off the force speed feature.
speedread
Some ultra high speed drives such as 48x and faster
drives from Plextor limit the read speed for unknown
media to e.g. 40x in order to avoid damaged disks and
drives. Using this option tells the drive to read any
media as fast as possible. Be very careful as this may
cause the media to break in the drive while reading,
resulting in a damaged media and drive!
nospeedread
Turn off unlimited read speed.
singlesession
Turn the drive into a single session only drive. This
allows to read defective or non-compliant (illegal) media
with extremely non-standard additional (broken/illegal)
TOC entries in the TOC from the second or higher session.
Some of these disks become usable if only the information
from the first session is used. You need to enable
Single Session mode before you insert the defective disk!
nosinglesession
Turn off single session mode. The drive will again behave
as usual.
hidecdr
Hide the fact that a medium might be a recordable medium.
This allows to make CD-Rs look like CD-ROMs and
applications believe that the media in the drive is not a
CD-R.
nohidecdr
Turn off hiding CD-R media.
tattooinfo
Use this option together with -checkdrive to retrieve the
image size information for the Yamaha DiskT@2 feature.
The images always have a line length of 3744 pixel. Line
number 0 (radius 0) is mapped to the center of the disk.
If you know the inner and outer radius you will be able
to create a pre distorted image that later may appear
undistorted on the disk.
tattoofile=name
Use this option together with -checkdrive to write an
image prepared for the Yamaha DiskT@2 feature to the
medium. The file must be a file with raw image B&W data
(one byte per pixel) in a size as retrieved by a previous
call to tattoofile=name . If the size of the image
equals the maximum possible size (3744 x 320 pixel),
wodim will use the first part of the file. This first
part then will be written to the leftover space on the
CD.
Note that the image must be mirrored to be readable from
the pick up side of the CD.
-setdropts
Set the driveropts specified by driveropts=option list, the
speed of the drive and the dummy flag and exit. This allows
wodim to set drive specific parameters that are not directly
used by wodim like e.g. single session mode, hide cdr and
similar. It is needed in case that driveropts=option list
should be called without planning to run a typical wodim task.
-checkdrive
Checks if a driver for the current drive is present and exit.
If the drive is a known drive, wodim uses exit code 0.
-prcap Print the drive capabilities for SCSI-3/mmc compliant drives as
obtained from mode page 0x2A. Values marked with kB use 1000
bytes as kilo-byte, values marked with KB use 1024 bytes as
Kilo-byte.
-inq Do an inquiry for the drive, print the inquiry info and exit.
-scanbus
Scan all SCSI devices on all SCSI busses and print the inquiry
strings. This option may be used to find SCSI address of the
CD/DVD-Recorder on a system. If some device types are invisible,
try using dev=ATA: or similar option to give a hint about the
device type you are looking for. The numbers printed out as
labels are computed by: bus * 100 + target. On platforms and
device systems without persistent SCSI number management the
results are not reliable. Use the .B --devices option instead.
--devices
Look for useable devices using the system specific functions,
eg. probing with usual device nodes in /dev/*, and display the
detections using symbolic device names in OS specific syntax.
-reset Try to reset the SCSI bus where the CD recorder is located. This
works not on all operating systems.
-abort Try to send an abort sequence to the drive. If you use wodim
only, this should never be needed; but other software may leave
a drive in an unusable condition. Calling wodim -reset may be
needed if a previous write has been interrupted and the software
did not tell the drive that it will not continue to write.
-overburn
Allow wodim to write more than the official size of a medium.
This feature is usually called overburning and depends on the
fact that most blank media may hold more space than the official
size. As the official size of the lead-out area on the disk is
90 seconds (6750 sectors) and a disk usually works if there are
at least 150 sectors of lead out, all media may be overburned by
at least 88 seconds (6600 sectors). Most CD recorders only do
overburning in SAO or RAW mode. Known exceptions are TEAC CD-
R50S, TEAC CD-R55S and the Panasonic CW-7502. Some drives do
not allow to overburn as much as you might like and limit the
size of a CD to e.g. 76 minutes. This problem may be
circumvented by writing the CD in RAW mode because this way the
drive has no chance to find the size before starting to burn.
There is no guarantee that your drive supports overburning at
all. Make a test to check if your drive implements the feature.
-ignsize
Ignore the known size of the medium. This option should be used
with extreme care, it exists only for debugging purposes don't
use it for other reasons. It is not needed to write disks with
more than the nominal capacity. This option implies -overburn.
-useinfo
Use *.inf files to overwrite audio options. If this option is
used, the pregap size information is read from the *.inf file
that is associated with the file that contains the audio data
for a track.
If used together with the -audio option, wodim may be used to
write audio CDs from a pipe from icedax if you call wodim with
the *.inf files as track parameter list instead of using audio
files. The audio data is read from stdin in this case. See
EXAMPLES section below. wodim first verifies that stdin is not
connected to a terminal and runs some heuristic consistency
checks on the *.inf files and then sets the track lengths from
the information in the *.inf files.
If you like to write from stdin, make sure that wodim is called
with a large enough FIFO size, reduce the write speed to a value
below the read speed of the source drive and switch the burn-
free option for the recording drive on.
defpregap=#
Set the default pre-gap size for all tracks except track number
1. This option currently only makes sense with the TEAC drive
when creating track-at-once disks without the 2 second silence
before each track.
This option may go away in future.
-packet
Set Packet writing mode. This is an experimental interface.
pktsize=#
Set the packet size to #, forces fixed packet mode. This is an
experimental interface.
-noclose
Do not close the current track, useful only when in packet
writing mode. This is an experimental interface.
mcn=med_cat_nr
Set the Media Catalog Number of the CD to med_cat_nr.
-text Write CD-Text information based on information taken from a file
that contains ascii information for the text strings. wodim
supports CD-Text information based on the content of the *.inf
files created by icedax and CD-Text information based on the
content from a CUE sheet file. If a CUE sheet file contains
both (binary CDTEXTFILE and text based SONGWRITER) entries, then
the information based on the CDTEXTFILE entry will win.
You need to use the -useinfo option in addition in order to tell
wodim to read the *.inf files or cuefile=filename in order to
tell wodim to read a CUE sheet file in addition. If you like to
write your own CD-Text information, edit the *.inf files or the
CUE sheet file with a text editor and change the fields that are
relevant for CD-Text.
textfile=filename
Write CD-Text based on information found in the binary file
filename. This file must contain information in a data format
defined in the SCSI-3 MMC-2 standard and in the Red Book. The
four byte size header that is defined in the SCSI standard is
optional and allows to make the recognition of correct data less
ambiguous. This is the best option to be used to copy CD-Text
data from existing CDs that already carry CD-Text information.
To get data in a format suitable for this option use wodim -vv
-toc to extract the information from disk. If both,
textfile=filename and CD-Text information from *.inf or *.cue
files are present, textfile=filename will overwrite the other
information.
cuefile=filename
Take all recording related information from a CDRWIN compliant
CUE sheet file. No track files are allowed when this option is
present and the option -dao is currently needed in addition.
TRACK OPTIONS
Track options may be mixed with track file names.
isrc=ISRC_number
Set the International Standard Recording Number for the next
track to ISRC_number.
index=list
Sets an index list for the next track. In index list is a comma
separated list of numbers that are counting from index 1. The
first entry in this list must contain a 0, the following numbers
must be an ascending list of numbers (counting in 1/75 seconds)
that represent the start of the indices. An index list in the
form: 0,7500,15000 sets index 1 to the start of the track, index
2 100 seconds from the start of the track and index 3 200
seconds from the start of the track.
-audio If this flag is present, all subsequent tracks are written in
CD-DA (similar to Red Book) audio format. The file with data
for this tracks should contain stereo, 16-bit digital audio with
44100 samples/s. The byte order should be the following: MSB
left, LSB left, MSB right, LSB right, MSB left and so on. The
track should be a multiple of 2352 bytes. It is not possible to
put the master image of an audio track on a raw disk because
data will be read in multiple of 2352 bytes during the recording
process.
If a filename ends in .au or .wav the file is considered to be a
structured audio data file. wodim assumes that the file in this
case is a Sun audio file or a Microsoft .WAV file and extracts
the audio data from the files by skipping over the non-audio
header information. In all other cases, wodim will only work
correctly if the audio data stream does not have any header.
Because many structured audio files do not have an integral
number of blocks (1/75th second) in length, it is often
necessary to specify the -pad option as well. wodim recognizes
that audio data in a .WAV file is stored in Intel (little-
endian) byte order, and will automatically byte-swap the data if
the CD recorder requires big-endian data. wodim will reject any
audio file that does not match the Red Book requirements of
16-bit stereo samples in PCM coding at 44100 samples/second.
Using other structured audio data formats as input to wodim will
usually work if the structure of the data is the structure
described above (raw pcm data in big-endian byte order).
However, if the data format includes a header, you will hear a
click at the start of a track.
If neither -data nor -audio have been specified, wodim defaults
to -audio for all filenames that end in .au or .wav and to -data
for all other files.
-swab If this flag is present, audio data is assumed to be in byte-
swapped (little-endian) order. Some types of CD-Writers e.g.
Yamaha, Sony and the new SCSI-3/mmc drives require audio data to
be presented in little-endian order, while other writers require
audio data to be presented in the big-endian (network) byte
order normally used by the SCSI protocol. wodim knows if a CD-
Recorder needs audio data in big- or little-endian order, and
corrects the byte order of the data stream to match the needs of
the recorder. You only need the -swab flag if your data stream
is in Intel (little-endian) byte order.
Note that the verbose output of wodim will show you if swapping
is necessary to make the byte order of the input data fit the
required byte order of the recorder. wodim will not show you if
the -swab flag was actually present for a track.
-data If this flag is present, all subsequent tracks are written in
CD-ROM mode 1 (Yellow Book) format. The data size is a multiple
of 2048 bytes. The file with track data should contain an
ISO-9660 or Rock Ridge filesystem image (see genisoimage for
more details). If the track data is an ufs filesystem image,
fragment size should be set to 2 KB or more to allow CD-drives
with 2 KB sector size to be used for reading.
-data is the default, if no other flag is present and the file
does not appear to be of one of the well known audio file types.
If neither -data nor -audio have been specified, wodim defaults
to -audio for all filenames that end in .au or .wav and to -data
for all other files.
-mode2 If this flag is present, all subsequent tracks are written in
CD-ROM mode 2 format. The data size is a multiple of 2336 bytes.
-xa If this flag is present, all subsequent tracks are written in
CD-ROM XA mode 2 form 1 format. The data size is a multiple of
2048 bytes. The XA sector sub headers will be created by the
drive. With this option, the write mode is the same as with the
-multi option.
-xa1 If this flag is present, all subsequent tracks are written in
CD-ROM XA mode 2 form 1 format. The data size is a multiple of
2056 bytes. The XA sector sub headers are part of the user data
and have to be supplied by the application that prepares the
data to be written.
-xa2 If this flag is present, all subsequent tracks are written in
CD-ROM XA mode 2 form 2 format. The data is a multiple of 2324
bytes. The XA sector sub headers will be created by the drive.
-xamix If this flag is present, all subsequent tracks are written in a
way that allows a mix of CD-ROM XA mode 2 form 1/2 format. The
data size is a multiple of 2332 bytes. The XA sector sub
headers are part of the user data and have to be supplied by the
application that prepares the data to be written. The CRC and
the P/Q parity ECC/EDC information (depending on the sector
type) have to be supplied by the application that prepares the
data to be written.
-cdi If this flag is present, the TOC type for the disk is set to
CDI. This only makes sense with XA disks.
-isosize
Use the ISO-9660 file system size as the size of the next track.
This option is needed if you want wodim to directly read the
image of a track from a raw disk partition or from a TAO master
CD. In the first case the option -isosize is needed to limit the
size of the CD to the size of the ISO filesystem. In the second
case the option -isosize is needed to prevent wodim from reading
the two run out blocks that are appended by each CD-recorder in
track at once mode. These two run out blocks cannot be read and
would cause a buffer underrun that would cause a defective copy.
Do not use this option on files created by genisoimage and in
case wodim reads the track data from stdin. In the first case,
you would prevent wodim from writing the amount of padding that
has been appended by genisoimage and in the latter case, it will
not work because stdin is not seekable.
If -isosize is used for a track, wodim will automatically add
padding for this track as if the -pad option has been used but
the amount of padding may be less than the padding written by
genisoimage. Note that if you use -isosize on a track that
contains Sparc boot information, the boot information will be
lost.
Note also that this option cannot be used to determine the size
of a file system if the multi session option is present.
-pad If the track is a data track, 15 sectors of zeroed data will be
added to the end of this and each subsequent data track. In
this case, the -pad option is superseded by the padsize= option.
It will remain however as a shorthand for padsize=15s. If the
-pad option refers to an audio track, wodim will pad the audio
data to be a multiple of 2352 bytes. The audio data padding is
done with binary zeroes which is equal to absolute silence.
-pad remains valid until disabled by -nopad.
padsize=#
Set the amount of data to be appended as padding to the next
track to #. Opposed to the behavior of the -pad option, the
value for padsize= is reset to zero for each new track. wodim
assumes a sector size of 2048 bytes for the padsize= option,
independent from the real sector size and independent from the
write mode. The megabytes mentioned in the verbose mode output
however are counting the output sector size which is e.g. 2448
bytes when writing in RAW/RAW96 mode. See fs= option for
possible arguments. To pad the equivalent of 20 minutes on a
CD, you may write padsize=20x60x75s. Use this option if your
CD-drive is not able to read the last sectors of a track or if
you want to be able to read the CD on a Linux system with the
ISO-9660 filesystem read ahead bug. If an empty file is used
for track data, this option may be used to create a disk that is
entirely made of padding. This may e.g. be used to find out how
much overburning is possible with a specific media.
-nopad Do not pad the following tracks - the default.
-shorttrack
Allow all subsequent tracks to violate the Red Book track length
standard which requires a minimum track length of 4 seconds.
This option is only useful when used in SAO or RAW mode. Not
all drives support this feature. The drive must accept the
resulting CUE sheet or support RAW writing.
-noshorttrack
Re-enforce the Red Book track length standard. Tracks must be at
least 4 seconds.
pregap=#
Set the pre-gap size for the next track. This option currently
only makes sense with the TEAC drive when creating track-at-once
disks without the 2 second silence before each track.
This option may go away in future.
-preemp
If this flag is present, all TOC entries for subsequent audio
tracks will indicate that the audio data has been sampled with
50/15 microsec pre-emphasis. The data, however is not modified
during the process of transferring from file to disk. This
option has no effect on data tracks.
-nopreemp
If this flag is present, all TOC entries for subsequent audio
tracks will indicate that the audio data has been mastered with
linear data - this is the default.
-copy If this flag is present, all TOC entries for subsequent audio
tracks of the resulting CD will indicate that the audio data has
permission to be copied without limit. This option has no
effect on data tracks.
-nocopy
If this flag is present, all TOC entries for subsequent audio
tracks of the resulting CD will indicate that the audio data has
permission to be copied only once for personal use - this is the
default.
-scms If this flag is present, all TOC entries for subsequent audio
tracks of the resulting CD will indicate that the audio data has
no permission to be copied anymore.
tsize=#
If the master image for the next track has been stored on a raw
disk, use this option to specify the valid amount of data on
this disk. If the image of the next track is stored in a regular
file, the size of that file is taken to determine the length of
this track. If the track contains an ISO 9660 filesystem image
use the -isosize option to determine the length of that
filesystem image.
In Disk at Once mode and with some drives that use the TEAC
programming interface, even in Track at Once mode, wodim needs
to know the size of each track before starting to write the
disk. wodim now checks this and aborts before starting to
write. If this happens you will need to run genisoimage -print-
size before and use the output (with `s' appended) as an
argument to the tsize= option of wodim (e.g. tsize=250000s).
See fs= option for possible arguments.
EXAMPLES
For all examples below, it will be assumed that the CD/DVD-Recorder is
connected to the primary SCSI bus of the machine. The SCSI target id is
set to 2.
To record a pure CD-ROM at double speed, using data from the file
cdimage.raw:
wodim -v speed=2 dev=2,0 cdimage.raw
To create an image for a ISO 9660 filesystem with Rock Ridge
extensions:
genisoimage -R -o cdimage.raw /home/joerg/master/tree
To check the resulting file before writing to CD on Solaris:
mount -r -F fbk -o type=hsfs /dev/fbk0:cdimage.raw /mnt
On Linux:
mount cdimage.raw -r -t iso9660 -o loop /mnt
Go on with:
ls -lR /mnt
umount /mnt
If the overall speed of the system is sufficient and the structure of
the filesystem is not too complex, wodim will run without creating an
image of the ISO 9660 filesystem. Simply run the pipeline:
genisoimage -R /master/tree | wodim -v fs=6m speed=2 dev=2,0 -
The recommended minimum FIFO size for running this pipeline is 4
MBytes. As the default FIFO size is 4 MB, the fs= option needs only be
present if you want to use a different FIFO size. If your system is
loaded, you should run genisoimage in the real time class too. To
raise the priority of genisoimage replace the command
genisoimage -R /master/tree
by
priocntl -e -c RT -p 59 genisoimage -R /master/tree
on Solaris and by
nice --18 genisoimage -R /master/tree
on systems that don't have UNIX International compliant real-time
scheduling.
wodim runs at priority 59 on Solaris, you should run genisoimage at no
more than priority 58. On other systems, you should run genisoimage at
no less than nice --18.
Creating a CD-ROM without file system image on disk has been tested on
a Sparcstation-2 with a Yamaha CDR-400. It did work up to quad speed
when the machine was not loaded. A faster machine may be able to
handle quad speed also in the loaded case.
To record a pure CD-DA (audio) at single speed, with each track
contained in a file named track01.cdaudio, track02.cdaudio, etc:
wodim -v speed=1 dev=/dev/cdrw -audio track*.cdaudio
To check if it will be ok to use double speed for the example above.
Use the dummy write option:
wodim -v -dummy speed=2 dev=/dev/cdrw -audio track*.cdaudio
To record a mixed-mode CD with an ISO 9660 filesystem from cdimage.raw
on the first track, the other tracks being audio tracks from the files
track01.cdaudio, track02.cdaudio, etc:
wodim -v dev=2,0 cdimage.raw -audio track*.cdaudio
To handle drives that need to know the size of a track before starting
to write, first run
genisoimage -R -q -print-size /master/tree
and then run
genisoimage -R /master/tree | wodim speed=2 dev=2,0 tsize=XXXs -
where XXX is replaced by the output of the previous run of genisoimage.
To copy an audio CD in the most accurate way, first run
icedax dev=/dev/cdrom -vall cddb=0 -B -Owav
and then run
wodim dev=/dev/cdrw -v -dao -useinfo -text *.wav
This will try to copy track indices and to read CD-Text information
from disk. If there is no CD-Text information, icedax will try to get
the information from freedb.org instead.
To copy an audio CD from a pipe (without intermediate files), first run
icedax dev=1,0 -vall cddb=0 -info-only
and then run
icedax dev=1,0 -no-infofile -B -Oraw - | \
wodim dev=2,0 -v -dao -audio -useinfo -text *.inf
This will get all information (including track size info) from the
*.inf files and then read the audio data from stdin.
If you like to write from stdin, make sure that wodim is called with a
large enough FIFO size (e.g. fs=128m), reduce the write speed to a
value below the read speed of the source drive (e.g. speed=12), and
get a CD/DVD drive with BURN-Free feature if it is not available yet.
To set drive options without writing a CD (e.g. to switch a drive to
single session mode), run
wodim dev=1,0 -setdropts driveropts=singlesession
If you like to do this when no CD is in the drive, call
wodim dev=1,0 -force -setdropts driveropts=singlesession
To copy a CD in clone mode, first read the master CD using:
readom dev=b,t,l -clone f=somefile
or (in case the CD contains many sectors that are unreadable by
intention) by calling:
readom dev=1,0 -clone -nocorr f=somefile
will create the files somefile and somefile.toc. Then write the CD
using:
wodim dev=1,0 -raw96r -clone -v somefile
ENVIRONMENT
CDR_DEVICE
This may either hold a device identifier that is suitable to the
open call of the SCSI transport library or a label in the file
/etc/wodim.conf.
CDR_SPEED
Sets the default speed value for writing (see also speed=
option).
CDR_FIFOSIZE
Sets the default size of the FIFO (see also fs=# option).
CDR_FORCERAWSPEED
If this environment variable is set, wodim will allow you to
write at the full RAW encoding speed a single CPU supports.
This will create high potential of buffer underruns. Use with
care.
CDR_FORCESPEED
If this environment variable is set, wodim will allow you to
write at the full DMA speed the system supports. There is no
DMA reserve for reading the data that is to be written from
disk. This will create high potential of buffer underruns. Use
with care.
RSH If the RSH environment is present, the remote connection will
not be created via rcmd(3) but by calling the program pointed to
by RSH. Use e.g. RSH=/usr/bin/ssh to create a secure shell
connection.
Note that this forces wodim to create a pipe to the rsh(1)
program and disallows wodim to directly access the network
socket to the remote server. This makes it impossible to set up
performance parameters and slows down the connection compared to
a root initiated rcmd(3) connection.
RSCSI If the RSCSI environment is present, the remote SCSI server will
not be the program /opt/schily/sbin/rscsi but the program
pointed to by RSCSI. Note that the remote SCSI server program
name will be ignored if you log in using an account that has
been created with a remote SCSI server program as login shell.
FILES
/etc/wodim.conf
Default values can be set for the following options in
/etc/wodim.conf. For example: CDR_FIFOSIZE=8m or CDR_SPEED=2
CDR_DEVICE
This may either hold a device identifier that is suitable
to the open call of the SCSI transport library or a label
in the file /etc/wodim.conf that allows to identify a
specific drive on the system.
CDR_SPEED
Sets the default speed value for writing (see also speed=
option).
CDR_FIFOSIZE
Sets the default size of the FIFO (see also fs=# option).
CDR_MAXFIFOSIZE
Sets the maximum size of the FIFO (see also fs=# option).
Any other keyword (label) is an identifier (symbolic name) for a
specific drive
on the system. Such an identifier may not contain the
characters ',', '/', '@' or ':'.
Each line that follows a label contains a whitespace
separated list of items. Currently, four items are
recognized: the drive's target specification, the default
speed that should be used for this drive, the default
FIFO size that should be used for this drive and drive
specific options. The values for speed and fifosize may
be set to -1 to tell wodim to use the global defaults.
target can be -1 to use the auto-guessing of the drive
(see above).
The value for driveropts may be omitted or set to "" if
no driveropts are used. A typical line may look this
way:
plex760= 0,5,0 12 50m varirec=1
pioneer= /dev/hdd -1 -1
This tells wodim that a drive named plex760 is at scsibus
0, target 5, lun 0 and should be used with speed 12 and a
FIFO size of 50 MB. It also uses some device specific
parameter. A second drive may is accessible via the
device file /dev/hdd and uses the default speed and the
default FIFO size.
SEE ALSO
icedax(1), readom(1), genisoimage(1), ssh(1).
NOTES
On Solaris you need to stop the volume management if you like to use
the USCSI fallback SCSI transport code. Even things like wodim -scanbus
will not work if the volume management is running.
Disks made in Track At Once mode are not suitable as a master for
direct mass production by CD manufacturers. You will need the disk at
once option to record such disks. Nevertheless the disks made in Track
At Once will normally be read in all CD players. Some old audio CD
players however may produce a two second click between two audio
tracks.
The minimal size of a track is 4 seconds or 300 sectors. If you write
smaller tracks, the CD-Recorder will add dummy blocks. This is not an
error, even though the SCSI-error message looks this way.
The Yamaha CDR-400 and all new SCSI-3/mmc conforming drives are
supported in single and multi-session.
You should run several tests in all supported speeds of your drive with
the -dummy option turned on if you are using wodim on an unknown
system. Writing a CD is a real-time process. NFS, CIFS and other
network file systems won't always deliver constantly the needed data
rates. If you want to use wodim with CD-images that are located on a
NFS mounted filesystem, be sure that the FIFO size is big enough. If
you want to make sure that buffer underruns are not caused by your
source disk, you may use the command
wodim -dummy dev=2,0 padsize=600m /dev/null
to create a disk that is entirely made of dummy data.
There are also cases where you either need to be root or install wodim
executable with suid-root permissions. First, if you are using a device
manufactured before 1999 which requires a non-MMC driver, you should
run wodim in dummy mode before writing data. If you find a problem
doing this, please report it to the cdrkit maintainers (see below).
Second, certain functionality may be unusable because of Linux's SCSI
command filtering. When using wodim for anything except of pure data
writing, you should also test the process in dummy mode and report
trouble to the contact address below.
If you still want to run wodim with root permissions, you can set the
permissions of the executable to suid-root. See the additional notes of
your system/program distribution or README.suidroot which is part of
the cdrkit source.
You should not connect old drives that do not support
disconnect/reconnect to either the SCSI bus that is connected to the
CD-Recorder or the source disk.
A Compact Disc can have no more than 99 tracks.
When creating a disc with both audio and data tracks, the data should
be on track 1 otherwise you should create a CDplus disk which is a
multi session disk with the first session containing the audio tracks
and the following session containing the data track.
Many operating systems are not able to read more than a single data
track, or need special software to do so.
If you have more information or SCSI command manuals for currently
unsupported CD/DVD/BR/HD-DVD-Recorders, please contact the cdrkit
maintainers (see below).
Many CD recorders have bugs and often require a firmware update to work
correctly. If you experience problems which cannot be solved or
explained by the notes above, please look for instructions on the
homepage of the particular manufacturer.
Some bugs will force you to power cycle the device or to reboot the
machine.
The FIFO percent output is computed just after a block of data has been
written to the CD/DVD-Recorder. For this reason, there will never be
100% FIFO fill ratio while the FIFO is in streaming mode.
DIAGNOSTICS
You have 4 seconds to abort wodim start after you see the message:
Starting to write CD at speed %d in %s mode for %s session. In most
shells you can do that by pressing Ctrl-C.
A typical error message for a SCSI command looks like:
wodim: I/O error. test unit ready: scsi sendcmd: no error
CDB: 00 20 00 00 00 00
status: 0x2 (CHECK CONDITION)
Sense Bytes: 70 00 05 00 00 00 00 0A 00 00 00 00 25 00 00 00 00 00
Sense Key: 0x5 Illegal Request, Segment 0
Sense Code: 0x25 Qual 0x00 (logical unit not supported) Fru 0x0
Sense flags: Blk 0 (not valid)
cmd finished after 0.002s timeout 40s
The first line gives information about the transport of the command.
The text after the first colon gives the error text for the system call
from the view of the kernel. It usually is: I/O error unless other
problems happen. The next words contain a short description for the
SCSI command that fails. The rest of the line tells you if there were
any problems for the transport of the command over the SCSI bus. fatal
error means that it was not possible to transport the command (i.e. no
device present at the requested SCSI address).
The second line prints the SCSI command descriptor block for the failed
command.
The third line gives information on the SCSI status code returned by
the command, if the transport of the command succeeds. This is error
information from the SCSI device.
The fourth line is a hex dump of the auto request sense information for
the command.
The fifth line is the error text for the sense key if available,
followed by the segment number that is only valid if the command was a
copy command. If the error message is not directly related to the
current command, the text deferred error is appended.
The sixth line is the error text for the sense code and the sense
qualifier if available. If the type of the device is known, the sense
data is decoded from tables in scsierrs.c . The text is followed by
the error value for a field replaceable unit.
The seventh line prints the block number that is related to the failed
command and text for several error flags. The block number may not be
valid.
The eight line reports the timeout set up for this command and the time
that the command really needed to complete.
The following message is not an error:
Track 01: Total bytes read/written: 2048/2048 (1 sectors).
wodim: I/O error. flush cache: scsi sendcmd: no error
CDB: 35 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
status: 0x2 (CHECK CONDITION)
Sense Bytes: F0 00 05 80 00 00 27 0A 00 00 00 00 B5 00 00 00 00 00
Sense Key: 0x5 Illegal Request, Segment 0
Sense Code: 0xB5 Qual 0x00 (dummy data blocks added) Fru 0x0
Sense flags: Blk -2147483609 (valid)
cmd finished after 0.002s timeout 40s
It simply notifies, that a track that is smaller than the minimum size
has been expanded to 300 sectors.
BUGS
netscsid does not work properly and is generally unmaintained. It is probably not compatible with rscsi from cdrtools either. Good bugfixes are welcome, talk to Cdrkit maintainers. cuefile support is very limited, only one file is allowed. For volunteers, see TODO file in the source. Specifying an audio file multiple times causes corruption of the second track (effectively no data plus minimum padding). Some of the bugs may be fixed in Joerg Schilling's cdrtools. See there for details, URL attached below.
CREDITS
Joerg Schilling (schilling@fokus.fhg.de)
For writing cdrecord and libscg which represent the most
parts of wodim's code.
Bill Swartz (Bill_Swartz@twolf.com)
For helping me with the TEAC driver support
Aaron Newsome (aaron.d.newsome@wdc.com)
For letting me develop Sony support on his drive
Eric Youngdale (eric@andante.jic.com)
For supplying mkisofs
Gadi Oxman (gadio@netvision.net.il)
For tips on the ATAPI standard
Finn Arne Gangstad (finnag@guardian.no)
For the first FIFO implementation.
Dave Platt (dplatt@feghoot.ml.org)
For creating the experimental packet writing support,
the first implementation of CD-RW blanking support, the
first .wav file decoder and many nice discussions on
cdrecord.
Chris P. Ross (cross@eng.us.uu.net)
For the first implementation of a BSDI SCSI transport.
Grant R. Guenther (grant@torque.net)
For creating the first parallel port transport
implementation for Linux.
Kenneth D. Merry (ken@kdm.org)
for providing the CAM port for FreeBSD together with
Michael Smith (msmith@freebsd.org)
Heiko Eiszfeldt (heiko@hexco.de)
for making libedc_ecc available (needed to write RAW
data sectors).
MAILING LISTS
If you want to actively take part on the development of wodim, you may join the developer mailing list via this URL: https://alioth.debian.org/mail/?group_id=31006 The mail address of the list is: debburn-devel@lists.alioth.debian.org
AUTHORS
wodim is currently maintained as part of the cdrkit project by its developers. Most of the code and this manual page was originally written by: Joerg Schilling Seestr. 110 D-13353 Berlin Germany This application is derived from "cdrecord" as included in the cdrtools package [1] created by Joerg Schilling, who deserves most of the credit for its success. However, he is not involved into the development of this spinoff and therefore he shall not be held responsible for any problems caused by it. Do not refer to this application as "cdrecord", do not try to get support for wodim by contacting the original authors. Additional information can be found on: https://alioth.debian.org/projects/debburn/ If you have support questions, send them to debburn-devel@lists.alioth.debian.org If you have definitely found a bug, send a mail to this list or to submit@bugs.debian.org writing at least a short description into the Subject and "Package: cdrkit" in the first line of the mail body.
SOURCES
[1] Cdrtools 2.01.01a08 from May 2006, http://cdrecord.berlios.de
Version 2.0 wodim(1)
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