lvmthin(7)
NAME
lvmthin --- LVM thin provisioning
DESCRIPTION
Blocks in a standard logical volume are allocated when the LV is created, but blocks in a thin provisioned logical volume are allocated as they are written. Because of this, a thin provisioned LV is given a virtual size, and can then be much larger than physically available storage. The amount of physical storage provided for thin provisioned LVs can be increased later as the need arises. Blocks in a standard LV are allocated (during creation) from the VG, but blocks in a thin LV are allocated (during use) from a special "thin pool LV". The thin pool LV contains blocks of physical storage, and blocks in thin LVs just reference blocks in the thin pool LV. A thin pool LV must be created before thin LVs can be created within it. A thin pool LV is created by combining two standard LVs: a large data LV that will hold blocks for thin LVs, and a metadata LV that will hold metadata. The metadata tracks which data blocks belong to each thin LV. Snapshots of thin LVs are efficient because the data blocks common to a thin LV and any of its snapshots are shared. Snapshots may be taken of thin LVs or of other thin snapshots. Blocks common to recursive snapshots are also shared in the thin pool. There is no limit to or degradation from sequences of snapshots. As thin LVs or snapshot LVs are written to, they consume data blocks in the thin pool. As free data blocks in the pool decrease, more free blocks may need to be supplied. This is done by extending the thin pool data LV with additional physical space from the VG. Removing thin LVs or snapshots from the thin pool can also free blocks in the thin pool. However, removing LVs is not always an effective way of freeing space in a thin pool because the amount is limited to the number of blocks not shared with other LVs in the pool. Incremental block allocation from thin pools can cause thin LVs to become fragmented. Standard LVs generally avoid this problem by allocating all the blocks at once during creation.
Thin Terms
ThinDataLV
thin data LV
large LV created in a VG
used by thin pool to store ThinLV blocks
ThinMetaLV
thin metadata LV
small LV created in a VG
used by thin pool to track data block usage
ThinPoolLV
thin pool LV
combination of ThinDataLV and ThinMetaLV
contains ThinLVs and SnapLVs
ThinLV
thin LV
created from ThinPoolLV
appears blank after creation
SnapLV
snapshot LV
created from ThinPoolLV
appears as a snapshot of another LV after creation
Thin Usage
The primary method for using lvm thin provisioning:
1. create ThinDataLV
Create an LV that will hold thin pool data.
lvcreate -n ThinDataLV -L LargeSize VG
Example
# lvcreate -n pool0 -L 10G vg
2. create ThinMetaLV
Create an LV that will hold thin pool metadata.
lvcreate -n ThinMetaLV -L SmallSize VG
Example
# lvcreate -n pool0meta -L 1G vg
# lvs
LV VG Attr LSize
pool0 vg -wi-a----- 10.00g
pool0meta vg -wi-a----- 1.00g
3. create ThinPoolLV
Combine the data and metadata LVs into a thin pool LV.
ThinDataLV is renamed to hidden ThinPoolLV_tdata.
ThinMetaLV is renamed to hidden ThinPoolLV_tmeta.
The new ThinPoolLV takes the previous name of ThinDataLV.
lvconvert --type thin-pool --poolmetadata VG/ThinMetaLV VG/ThinDataLV
Example
# lvconvert --type thin-pool --poolmetadata vg/pool0meta vg/pool0
# lvs vg/pool0
LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta%
pool0 vg twi-a-tz-- 10.00g 0.00 0.00
# lvs -a
LV VG Attr LSize
pool0 vg twi-a-tz-- 10.00g
[pool0_tdata] vg Twi-ao---- 10.00g
[pool0_tmeta] vg ewi-ao---- 1.00g
4. create ThinLV
Create a new thin LV from the thin pool LV.
The thin LV is created with a virtual size.
Multiple new thin LVs may be created in the thin pool.
Thin LV names must be unique in the VG.
The '--type thin' option is inferred from the virtual size option.
The --thinpool argument specifies which thin pool will
contain the ThinLV.
lvcreate -n ThinLV -V VirtualSize --thinpool VG/ThinPoolLV
Example
Create a thin LV in a thin pool:
# lvcreate -n thin1 -V 1T --thinpool vg/pool0
Create another thin LV in the same thin pool:
# lvcreate -n thin2 -V 1T --thinpool vg/pool0
# lvs vg/thin1 vg/thin2
LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data%
thin1 vg Vwi-a-tz-- 1.00t pool0 0.00
thin2 vg Vwi-a-tz-- 1.00t pool0 0.00
5. create SnapLV
Create snapshots of an existing ThinLV or SnapLV.
Do not specify -L, --size when creating a thin snapshot.
A size argument will cause an old COW snapshot to be created.
lvcreate -n SnapLV -s VG/ThinLV
lvcreate -n SnapLV -s VG/PrevSnapLV
Example
Create first snapshot of an existing ThinLV:
# lvcreate -n thin1s1 -s vg/thin1
Create second snapshot of the same ThinLV:
# lvcreate -n thin1s2 -s vg/thin1
Create a snapshot of the first snapshot:
# lvcreate -n thin1s1s1 -s vg/thin1s1
# lvs vg/thin1s1 vg/thin1s2 vg/thin1s1s1
LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin
thin1s1 vg Vwi---tz-k 1.00t pool0 thin1
thin1s2 vg Vwi---tz-k 1.00t pool0 thin1
thin1s1s1 vg Vwi---tz-k 1.00t pool0 thin1s1
6. activate SnapLV
Thin snapshots are created with the persistent "activation skip" flag,
indicated by the "k" attribute. Use -K with lvchange or vgchange to
activate thin snapshots with the "k" attribute.
lvchange -ay -K VG/SnapLV
Example
# lvchange -ay -K vg/thin1s1
# lvs vg/thin1s1
LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin
thin1s1 vg Vwi-a-tz-k 1.00t pool0 thin1
Thin Topics
Alternate syntax for specifying type thin-pool
Automatic pool metadata LV
Specify devices for data and metadata LVs
Tolerate device failures using raid
Spare metadata LV
Metadata check and repair
Activation of thin snapshots
Removing thin pool LVs, thin LVs and snapshots
Manually manage free data space of thin pool LV
Manually manage free metadata space of a thin pool LV
Using fstrim to increase free space in a thin pool LV
Automatically extend thin pool LV
Data space exhaustion
Metadata space exhaustion
Automatic extend settings
Zeroing
Discard
Chunk size
Size of pool metadata LV
Create a thin snapshot of an external, read only LV
Convert a standard LV to a thin LV with an external origin
Single step thin pool LV creation
Single step thin pool LV and thin LV creation
Merge thin snapshots
XFS on snapshots
Alternate syntax for specifying type thin-pool
The fully specified syntax for creating a thin pool LV shown above is:
lvconvert --type thin-pool --poolmetadata VG/ThinMetaLV VG/ThinDataLV
An existing LV is converted to a thin pool by changing its type to
thin-pool. An alternate syntax may be used for the same operation:
lvconvert --thinpool VG/ThinDataLV --poolmetadata VG/ThinMetaLV
The thin-pool type is inferred by lvm; the --thinpool option is not an
alias for --type thin-pool. The use of the --thinpool option here is
different from the use of the --thinpool option when creating a thin
LV, where it specifies the pool in which the thin LV is created.
Automatic pool metadata LV
A thin data LV can be converted to a thin pool LV without specifying a
thin pool metadata LV. LVM automatically creates a metadata LV from
the same VG.
lvcreate -n ThinDataLV -L LargeSize VG
lvconvert --type thin-pool VG/ThinDataLV
Example
# lvcreate -n pool0 -L 10G vg
# lvconvert --type thin-pool vg/pool0
# lvs -a
pool0 vg twi-a-tz-- 10.00g
[pool0_tdata] vg Twi-ao---- 10.00g
[pool0_tmeta] vg ewi-ao---- 16.00m
Specify devices for data and metadata LVs
The data and metadata LVs in a thin pool are best created on separate
physical devices. To do that, specify the device name(s) at the end of
the lvcreate line. It can be especially helpful to use fast devices
for the metadata LV.
lvcreate -n ThinDataLV -L LargeSize VG LargePV
lvcreate -n ThinMetaLV -L SmallSize VG SmallPV
lvconvert --type thin-pool --poolmetadata VG/ThinMetaLV VG/ThinDataLV
Example
# lvcreate -n pool0 -L 10G vg /dev/sdA
# lvcreate -n pool0meta -L 1G vg /dev/sdB
# lvconvert --type thin-pool --poolmetadata vg/pool0meta vg/pool0
lvm.conf(5) thin_pool_metadata_require_separate_pvs
controls the default PV usage for thin pool creation.
Tolerate device failures using raid
To tolerate device failures, use raid for the pool data LV and pool
metadata LV. This is especially recommended for pool metadata LVs.
lvcreate --type raid1 -m 1 -n ThinMetaLV -L SmallSize VG PVA PVB
lvcreate --type raid1 -m 1 -n ThinDataLV -L LargeSize VG PVC PVD
lvconvert --type thin-pool --poolmetadata VG/ThinMetaLV VG/ThinDataLV
Example
# lvcreate --type raid1 -m 1 -n pool0 -L 10G vg /dev/sdA /dev/sdB
# lvcreate --type raid1 -m 1 -n pool0meta -L 1G vg /dev/sdC /dev/sdD
# lvconvert --type thin-pool --poolmetadata vg/pool0meta vg/pool0
Spare metadata LV
The first time a thin pool LV is created, lvm will create a spare
metadata LV in the VG. This behavior can be controlled with the option
--poolmetadataspare y|n. (Future thin pool creations will also attempt
to create the pmspare LV if none exists.)
To create the pmspare ("pool metadata spare") LV, lvm first creates an
LV with a default name, e.g. lvol0, and then converts this LV to a
hidden LV with the _pmspare suffix, e.g. lvol0_pmspare.
One pmspare LV is kept in a VG to be used for any thin pool.
The pmspare LV cannot be created explicitly, but may be removed
explicitly.
Example
# lvcreate -n pool0 -L 10G vg
# lvcreate -n pool0meta -L 1G vg
# lvconvert --type thin-pool --poolmetadata vg/pool0meta vg/pool0
# lvs -a
[lvol0_pmspare] vg ewi-------
pool0 vg twi---tz--
[pool0_tdata] vg Twi-------
[pool0_tmeta] vg ewi-------
The "Metadata check and repair" section describes the use of the
pmspare LV.
Metadata check and repair
If thin pool metadata is damaged, it may be repairable. Checking and
repairing thin pool metadata is analagous to running fsck on a file
system.
When a thin pool LV is activated, lvm runs the thin_check command to
check the correctness of the metadata on the pool metadata LV.
lvm.conf(5) thin_check_executable
can be set to an empty string ("") to disable the thin_check step.
This is not recommended.
lvm.conf(5) thin_check_options
controls the command options used for the thin_check command.
If the thin_check command finds a problem with the metadata, the thin
pool LV is not activated, and the thin pool metadata needs to be
repaired.
Simple repair commands are not always successful. Advanced repair may
require editing thin pool metadata and lvm metadata. Newer versions of
the kernel and lvm tools may be more successful at repair. Report the
details of damaged thin metadata to get the best advice on recovery.
Command to repair a thin pool:
lvconvert --repair VG/ThinPoolLV
Repair performs the following steps:
1. Creates a new, repaired copy of the metadata.
lvconvert runs the thin_repair command to read damaged metadata from
the existing pool metadata LV, and writes a new repaired copy to the
VG's pmspare LV.
2. Replaces the thin pool metadata LV.
If step 1 is successful, the thin pool metadata LV is replaced with the
pmspare LV containing the corrected metadata. The previous thin pool
metadata LV, containing the damaged metadata, becomes visible with the
new name ThinPoolLV_tmetaN (where N is 0,1,...).
If the repair works, the thin pool LV and its thin LVs can be
activated, and the LV containing the damaged thin pool metadata can be
removed. It may be useful to move the new metadata LV (previously
pmspare) to a better PV.
If the repair does not work, the thin pool LV and its thin LVs are
lost.
If metadata is manually restored with thin_repair directly, the pool
metadata LV can be manually swapped with another LV containing new
metadata:
lvconvert --thinpool VG/ThinPoolLV --poolmetadata VG/NewThinMetaLV
Activation of thin snapshots
When a thin snapshot LV is created, it is by default given the
"activation skip" flag. This flag is indicated by the "k" attribute
displayed by lvs:
# lvs vg/thin1s1
LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin
thin1s1 vg Vwi---tz-k 1.00t pool0 thin1
This flag causes the snapshot LV to be skipped, i.e. not activated, by
normal activation commands. The skipping behavior does not apply to
deactivation commands.
A snapshot LV with the "k" attribute can be activated using the -K (or
--ignoreactivationskip) option in addition to the standard -ay (or
--activate y) option.
Command to activate a thin snapshot LV:
lvchange -ay -K VG/SnapLV
The persistent "activation skip" flag can be turned off during
lvcreate, or later with lvchange using the -kn (or --setactivationskip
n) option. It can be turned on again with -ky (or --setactivationskip
y).
When the "activation skip" flag is removed, normal activation commands
will activate the LV, and the -K activation option is not needed.
Command to create snapshot LV without the activation skip flag:
lvcreate -kn -n SnapLV -s VG/ThinLV
Command to remove the activation skip flag from a snapshot LV:
lvchange -kn VG/SnapLV
lvm.conf(5) auto_set_activation_skip
controls the default activation skip setting used by lvcreate.
Removing thin pool LVs, thin LVs and snapshots
Removing a thin LV and its related snapshots returns the blocks it used
to the thin pool LV. These blocks will be reused for other thin LVs
and snapshots.
Removing a thin pool LV removes both the data LV and metadata LV and
returns the space to the VG.
lvremove of thin pool LVs, thin LVs and snapshots cannot be reversed
with vgcfgrestore.
vgcfgbackup does not back up thin pool metadata.
Manually manage free data space of thin pool LV
The available free space in a thin pool LV can be displayed with the
lvs command. Free space can be added by extending the thin pool LV.
Command to extend thin pool data space:
lvextend -L Size VG/ThinPoolLV
Example
1. A thin pool LV is using 26.96% of its data blocks.
# lvs
LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data%
pool0 vg twi-a-tz-- 10.00g 26.96
2. Double the amount of physical space in the thin pool LV.
# lvextend -L+10G vg/pool0
3. The percentage of used data blocks is half the previous value.
# lvs
LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data%
pool0 vg twi-a-tz-- 20.00g 13.48
Other methods of increasing free data space in a thin pool LV include
removing a thin LV and its related snapsots, or running fstrim on the
file system using a thin LV.
Manually manage free metadata space of a thin pool LV
The available metadata space in a thin pool LV can be displayed with
the lvs -o+metadata_percent command.
Command to extend thin pool metadata space:
lvextend --poolmetadatasize Size VG/ThinPoolLV
Example
1. A thin pool LV is using 12.40% of its metadata blocks.
# lvs -oname,size,data_percent,metadata_percent vg/pool0
LV LSize Data% Meta%
pool0 20.00g 13.48 12.40
2. Display a thin pool LV with its component thin data LV and thin
metadata LV.
# lvs -a -oname,attr,size vg
LV Attr LSize
pool0 twi-a-tz-- 20.00g
[pool0_tdata] Twi-ao---- 20.00g
[pool0_tmeta] ewi-ao---- 12.00m
3. Double the amount of physical space in the thin metadata LV.
# lvextend --poolmetadatasize +12M vg/pool0
4. The percentage of used metadata blocks is half the previous value.
# lvs -a -oname,size,data_percent,metadata_percent vg
LV LSize Data% Meta%
pool0 20.00g 13.48 6.20
[pool0_tdata] 20.00g
[pool0_tmeta] 24.00m
Using fstrim to increase free space in a thin pool LV
Removing files in a file system on top of a thin LV does not generally
add free space back to the thin pool. Manually running the fstrim
command can return space back to the thin pool that had been used by
removed files. fstrim uses discards and will not work if the thin pool
LV has discards mode set to ignore.
Example
A thin pool has 10G of physical data space, and a thin LV has a virtual
size of 100G. Writing a 1G file to the file system reduces the free
space in the thin pool by 10% and increases the virtual usage of the
file system by 1%. Removing the 1G file restores the virtual 1% to the
file system, but does not restore the physical 10% to the thin pool.
The fstrim command restores the physical space to the thin pool.
# lvs -a -oname,attr,size,pool_lv,origin,data_percent,metadata_percent vg
LV Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta%
pool0 twi-a-tz-- 10.00g 47.01 21.03
thin1 Vwi-aotz-- 100.00g pool0 2.70
# df -h /mnt/X
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/vg-thin1 99G 1.1G 93G 2% /mnt/X
# dd if=/dev/zero of=/mnt/X/1Gfile bs=4096 count=262144; sync
# lvs
pool0 vg twi-a-tz-- 10.00g 57.01 25.26
thin1 vg Vwi-aotz-- 100.00g pool0 3.70
# df -h /mnt/X
/dev/mapper/vg-thin1 99G 2.1G 92G 3% /mnt/X
# rm /mnt/X/1Gfile
# lvs
pool0 vg twi-a-tz-- 10.00g 57.01 25.26
thin1 vg Vwi-aotz-- 100.00g pool0 3.70
# df -h /mnt/X
/dev/mapper/vg-thin1 99G 1.1G 93G 2% /mnt/X
# fstrim -v /mnt/X
# lvs
pool0 vg twi-a-tz-- 10.00g 47.01 21.03
thin1 vg Vwi-aotz-- 100.00g pool0 2.70
The "Discard" section covers an option for automatically freeing data
space in a thin pool.
Automatically extend thin pool LV
The lvm daemon dmeventd (lvm2-monitor) monitors the data usage of thin
pool LVs and extends them when the usage reaches a certain level. The
necessary free space must exist in the VG to extend thin pool LVs.
Monitoring and extension of thin pool LVs are controlled independently.
monitoring
When a thin pool LV is activated, dmeventd will begin monitoring it by
default.
Command to start or stop dmeventd monitoring a thin pool LV:
lvchange --monitor {y|n} VG/ThinPoolLV
The current dmeventd monitoring status of a thin pool LV can be
displayed with the command lvs -o+seg_monitor.
autoextend
dmeventd should be configured to extend thin pool LVs before all data
space is used. Warnings are emitted through syslog when the use of a
thin pool reaches 80%, 85%, 90% and 95%. (See the section "Data space
exhaustion" for the effects of not extending a thin pool LV.) The
point at which dmeventd extends thin pool LVs, and the amount are
controlled with two configuration settings:
lvm.conf(5) thin_pool_autoextend_threshold
is a percentage full value that defines when the thin pool LV should be
extended. Setting this to 100 disables automatic extention. The
minimum value is 50.
lvm.conf(5) thin_pool_autoextend_percent
defines how much extra data space should be added to the thin pool LV
from the VG, in percent of its current size.
disabling
There are multiple ways that extension of thin pools could be
prevented:
* If the dmeventd daemon is not running, no monitoring or automatic
extension will occur.
* Even when dmeventd is running, all monitoring can be disabled with
the lvm.conf monitoring setting.
* To activate or create a thin pool LV without interacting with
dmeventd, the --ignoremonitoring option can be used. With this
option, the command will not ask dmeventd to monitor the thin pool
LV.
* Setting thin_pool_autoextend_threshould to 100 disables automatic
extension of thin pool LVs, even if they are being monitored by
dmeventd.
Example
If thin_pool_autoextend_threshold is 70 and
thin_pool_autoextend_percent is 20, whenever a pool exceeds 70% usage,
it will be extended by another 20%. For a 1G pool, using 700M will
trigger a resize to 1.2G. When the usage exceeds 840M, the pool will be
extended to 1.44G, and so on.
Data space exhaustion
When properly managed, thin pool data space should be extended before
it is all used (see the section "Automatically extend thin pool LV").
If thin pool data space is already exhausted, it can still be extended
(see the section "Manually manage free data space of thin pool LV".)
The behavior of a full thin pool is configurable with the
--errorwhenfull y|n option to lvcreate or lvchange. The errorwhenfull
setting applies only to writes; reading thin LVs can continue even when
data space is exhausted.
Command to change the handling of a full thin pool:
lvchange --errorwhenfull {y|n} VG/ThinPoolLV
lvm.conf(5) error_when_full
controls the default error when full behavior.
The current setting of a thin pool LV can be displayed with the
command: lvs -o+lv_when_full.
The errorwhenfull setting does not effect the monitoring and autoextend
settings, and the monitoring/autoextend settings do not effect the
errorwhenfull setting. It is only when monitoring/autoextend are not
effective that the thin pool becomes full and the errorwhenfull setting
is applied.
errorwhenfull n
This is the default. Writes to thin LVs are accepted and queued, with
the expectation that pool data space will be extended soon. Once data
space is extended, the queued writes will be processed, and the thin
pool will return to normal operation.
While waiting to be extended, the thin pool will queue writes for up to
60 seconds (the default). If data space has not been extended after
this time, the queued writes will return an error to the caller, e.g.
the file system. This can result in file system corruption for non-
journaled file systems that may require fsck. When a thin pool returns
errors for writes to a thin LV, any file system is subject to losing
unsynced user data.
The 60 second timeout can be changed or disabled with the dm-thin-pool
kernel module option no_space_timeout. This option sets the number of
seconds that thin pools will queue writes. If set to 0, writes will
not time out. Disabling timeouts can result in the system running out
of resources, memory exhaustion, hung tasks, and deadlocks. (The
timeout applies to all thin pools on the system.)
errorwhenfull y
Writes to thin LVs immediately return an error, and no writes are
queued. In the case of a file system, this can result in corruption
that may require fsck (the specific consequences depend on the thin LV
user.)
data percent
When data space is exhausted, the lvs command displays 100 under Data%
for the thin pool LV:
# lvs vg/pool0
LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data%
pool0 vg twi-a-tz-- 512.00m 100.00
causes
A thin pool may run out of data space for any of the following reasons:
* Automatic extension of the thin pool is disabled, and the thin pool
is not manually extended. (Disabling automatic extension is not
recommended.)
* The dmeventd daemon is not running and the thin pool is not manually
extended. (Disabling dmeventd is not recommended.)
* Automatic extension of the thin pool is too slow given the rate of
writes to thin LVs in the pool. (This can be addressed by tuning the
thin_pool_autoextend_threshold and thin_pool_autoextend_percent. See
"Automatic extend settings".)
* The VG does not have enough free blocks to extend the thin pool.
Metadata space exhaustion
If thin pool metadata space is exhausted (or a thin pool metadata
operation fails), errors will be returned for IO operations on thin
LVs.
When metadata space is exhausted, the lvs command displays 100 under
Meta% for the thin pool LV:
# lvs -o lv_name,size,data_percent,metadata_percent vg/pool0
LV LSize Data% Meta%
pool0 100.00
The same reasons for thin pool data space exhaustion apply to thin pool
metadata space.
Metadata space exhaustion can lead to inconsistent thin pool metadata
and inconsistent file systems, so the response requires offline
checking and repair.
1. Deactivate the thin pool LV, or reboot the system if this is not
possible.
2. Repair thin pool with lvconvert --repair.
See "Metadata check and repair".
3. Extend pool metadata space with lvextend --poolmetadatasize.
See "Manually manage free metadata space of a thin pool LV".
4. Check and repair file system with fsck.
Automatic extend settings
Thin pool LVs can be extended according to preset values. The presets
determine if the LV should be extended based on how full it is, and if
so by how much. When dmeventd monitors thin pool LVs, it uses lvextend
with these presets. (See "Automatically extend thin pool LV".)
Command to extend a thin pool data LV using presets:
lvextend --use-policies VG/ThinPoolLV
The command uses these settings:
lvm.conf(5) thin_pool_autoextend_threshold
autoextend the LV when its usage exceeds this percent.
lvm.conf(5) thin_pool_autoextend_percent
autoextend the LV by this much additional space.
To see the default values of these settings, run:
lvmconfig --type default --withcomment
activation/thin_pool_autoextend_threshold
lvmconfig --type default --withcomment
activation/thin_pool_autoextend_percent
To change these values globally, edit lvm.conf(5).
To change these values on a per-VG or per-LV basis, attach a "profile"
to the VG or LV. A profile is a collection of config settings, saved
in a local text file (using the lvm.conf format). lvm looks for
profiles in the profile_dir directory, e.g. /etc/lvm/profile/. Once
attached to a VG or LV, lvm will process the VG or LV using the
settings from the attached profile. A profile is named and referenced
by its file name.
To use a profile to customize the lvextend settings for an LV:
* Create a file containing settings, saved in profile_dir. For the
profile_dir location, run:
lvmconfig config/profile_dir
* Attach the profile to an LV, using the command:
lvchange --metadataprofile ProfileName VG/ThinPoolLV
* Extend the LV using the profile settings:
lvextend --use-policies VG/ThinPoolLV
Example
# lvmconfig config/profile_dir
profile_dir="/etc/lvm/profile"
# cat /etc/lvm/profile/pool0extend.profile
activation {
thin_pool_autoextend_threshold=50
thin_pool_autoextend_percent=10
}
# lvchange --metadataprofile pool0extend vg/pool0
# lvextend --use-policies vg/pool0
Notes
* A profile is attached to a VG or LV by name, where the name
references a local file in profile_dir. If the VG is moved to
another machine, the file with the profile also needs to be moved.
* Only certain settings can be used in a VG or LV profile, see:
lvmconfig --type profilable-metadata.
* An LV without a profile of its own will inherit the VG profile.
* Remove a profile from an LV using the command:
lvchange --detachprofile VG/ThinPoolLV.
* Commands can also have profiles applied to them. The settings that
can be applied to a command are different than the settings that can
be applied to a VG or LV. See lvmconfig --type profilable-command.
To apply a profile to a command, write a profile, save it in the
profile directory, and run the command using the option:
--commandprofile ProfileName.
Zeroing
When a thin pool provisions a new data block for a thin LV, the new
block is first overwritten with zeros. The zeroing mode is indicated
by the "z" attribute displayed by lvs. The option -Z (or --zero) can
be added to commands to specify the zeroing mode.
Command to set the zeroing mode when creating a thin pool LV:
lvconvert --type thin-pool -Z{y|n}
--poolmetadata VG/ThinMetaLV VG/ThinDataLV
Command to change the zeroing mode of an existing thin pool LV:
lvchange -Z{y|n} VG/ThinPoolLV
If zeroing mode is changed from "n" to "y", previously provisioned
blocks are not zeroed.
Provisioning of large zeroed chunks impacts performance.
lvm.conf(5) thin_pool_zero
controls the default zeroing mode used when creating a thin pool.
Discard
The discard behavior of a thin pool LV determines how discard requests
are handled. Enabling discard under a file system may adversely affect
the file system performance (see the section on fstrim for an
alternative.) Possible discard behaviors:
ignore: Ignore any discards that are received.
nopassdown: Process any discards in the thin pool itself and allow the
no longer needed extends to be overwritten by new data.
passdown: Process discards in the thin pool (as with nopassdown), and
pass the discards down the the underlying device. This is the default
mode.
Command to display the current discard mode of a thin pool LV:
lvs -o+discards VG/ThinPoolLV
Command to set the discard mode when creating a thin pool LV:
lvconvert --discards {ignore|nopassdown|passdown}
--type thin-pool --poolmetadata VG/ThinMetaLV VG/ThinDataLV
Command to change the discard mode of an existing thin pool LV:
lvchange --discards {ignore|nopassdown|passdown} VG/ThinPoolLV
Example
# lvs -o name,discards vg/pool0
pool0 passdown
# lvchange --discards ignore vg/pool0
lvm.conf(5) thin_pool_discards
controls the default discards mode used when creating a thin pool.
Chunk size
The size of data blocks managed by a thin pool can be specified with
the --chunksize option when the thin pool LV is created. The default
unit is KiB. The value must be a multiple of 64KiB between 64KiB and
1GiB.
When a thin pool is used primarily for the thin provisioning feature, a
larger value is optimal. To optimize for many snapshots, a smaller
value reduces copying time and consumes less space.
Command to display the thin pool LV chunk size:
lvs -o+chunksize VG/ThinPoolLV
Example
# lvs -o name,chunksize
pool0 64.00k
lvm.conf(5) thin_pool_chunk_size
controls the default chunk size used when creating a thin pool.
The default value is shown by:
lvmconfig --type default allocation/thin_pool_chunk_size
Size of pool metadata LV
The amount of thin metadata depends on how many blocks are shared
between thin LVs (i.e. through snapshots). A thin pool with many
snapshots may need a larger metadata LV. Thin pool metadata LV sizes
can be from 2MiB to 16GiB.
When using lvcreate to create what will become a thin metadata LV, the
size is specified with the -L|--size option.
When an LVM command automatically creates a thin metadata LV, the size
is specified with the --poolmetadatasize option. When this option is
not given, LVM automatically chooses a size based on the data size and
chunk size.
It can be hard to predict the amount of metadata space that will be
needed, so it is recommended to start with a size of 1GiB which should
be enough for all practical purposes. A thin pool metadata LV can
later be manually or automatically extended if needed.
Create a thin snapshot of an external, read only LV
Thin snapshots are typically taken of other thin LVs or other thin
snapshot LVs within the same thin pool. It is also possible to take
thin snapshots of external, read only LVs. Writes to the snapshot are
stored in the thin pool, and the external LV is used to read unwritten
parts of the thin snapshot.
lvcreate -n SnapLV -s VG/ExternalOriginLV --thinpool VG/ThinPoolLV
Example
# lvchange -an vg/lve
# lvchange --permission r vg/lve
# lvcreate -n snaplve -s vg/lve --thinpool vg/pool0
# lvs vg/lve vg/snaplve
LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data%
lve vg ori------- 10.00g
snaplve vg Vwi-a-tz-- 10.00g pool0 lve 0.00
Convert a standard LV to a thin LV with an external origin
A new thin LV can be created and given the name of an existing standard
LV. At the same time, the existing LV is converted to a read only
external LV with a new name. Unwritten portions of the thin LV are
read from the external LV. The new name given to the existing LV can
be specified with --originname, otherwise the existing LV will be given
a default name, e.g. lvol#.
Convert ExampleLV into a read only external LV with the new name
NewExternalOriginLV, and create a new thin LV that is given the
previous name of ExampleLV.
lvconvert --type thin --thinpool VG/ThinPoolLV
--originname NewExternalOriginLV VG/ExampleLV
Example
# lvcreate -n lv_example -L 10G vg
# lvs
lv_example vg -wi-a----- 10.00g
# lvconvert --type thin --thinpool vg/pool0
--originname lv_external --thin vg/lv_example
# lvs
LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin
lv_example vg Vwi-a-tz-- 10.00g pool0 lv_external
lv_external vg ori------- 10.00g
Single step thin pool LV creation
A thin pool LV can be created with a single lvcreate command, rather
than using lvconvert on existing LVs. This one command creates a thin
data LV, a thin metadata LV, and combines the two into a thin pool LV.
lvcreate --type thin-pool -L LargeSize -n ThinPoolLV VG
Example
# lvcreate --type thin-pool -L8M -n pool0 vg
# lvs vg/pool0
LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data%
pool0 vg twi-a-tz-- 8.00m 0.00
# lvs -a
pool0 vg twi-a-tz-- 8.00m
[pool0_tdata] vg Twi-ao---- 8.00m
[pool0_tmeta] vg ewi-ao---- 8.00m
Single step thin pool LV and thin LV creation
A thin pool LV and a thin LV can be created with a single lvcreate
command. This one command creates a thin data LV, a thin metadata LV,
combines the two into a thin pool LV, and creates a thin LV in the new
pool.
-L LargeSize specifies the physical size of the thin pool LV.
-V VirtualSize specifies the virtual size of the thin LV.
lvcreate -V VirtualSize -L LargeSize
-n ThinLV --thinpool VG/ThinPoolLV
Equivalent to:
lvcreate --type thin-pool -L LargeSize VG/ThinPoolLV
lvcreate -n ThinLV -V VirtualSize --thinpool VG/ThinPoolLV
Example
# lvcreate -L8M -V2G -n thin1 --thinpool vg/pool0
# lvs -a
pool0 vg twi-a-tz-- 8.00m
[pool0_tdata] vg Twi-ao---- 8.00m
[pool0_tmeta] vg ewi-ao---- 8.00m
thin1 vg Vwi-a-tz-- 2.00g pool0
Merge thin snapshots
A thin snapshot can be merged into its origin thin LV using the
lvconvert --merge command. The result of a snapshot merge is that the
origin thin LV takes the content of the snapshot LV, and the snapshot
LV is removed. Any content that was unique to the origin thin LV is
lost after the merge.
Because a merge changes the content of an LV, it cannot be done while
the LVs are open, e.g. mounted. If a merge is initiated while the LVs
are open, the effect of the merge is delayed until the origin thin LV
is next activated.
lvconvert --merge VG/SnapLV
Example
# lvs vg
LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin
pool0 vg twi-a-tz-- 10.00g
thin1 vg Vwi-a-tz-- 100.00g pool0
thin1s1 vg Vwi-a-tz-k 100.00g pool0 thin1
# lvconvert --merge vg/thin1s1
# lvs vg
LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin
pool0 vg twi-a-tz-- 10.00g
thin1 vg Vwi-a-tz-- 100.00g pool0
Example
Delayed merging of open LVs.
# lvs vg
LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin
pool0 vg twi-a-tz-- 10.00g
thin1 vg Vwi-aotz-- 100.00g pool0
thin1s1 vg Vwi-aotz-k 100.00g pool0 thin1
# df
/dev/mapper/vg-thin1 100G 33M 100G 1% /mnt/X
/dev/mapper/vg-thin1s1 100G 33M 100G 1% /mnt/Xs
# ls /mnt/X
file1 file2 file3
# ls /mnt/Xs
file3 file4 file5
# lvconvert --merge vg/thin1s1
Logical volume vg/thin1s1 contains a filesystem in use.
Delaying merge since snapshot is open.
Merging of thin snapshot thin1s1 will occur on next activation.
# umount /mnt/X
# umount /mnt/Xs
# lvs -a vg
LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin
pool0 vg twi-a-tz-- 10.00g
[pool0_tdata] vg Twi-ao---- 10.00g
[pool0_tmeta] vg ewi-ao---- 1.00g
thin1 vg Owi-a-tz-- 100.00g pool0
[thin1s1] vg Swi-a-tz-k 100.00g pool0 thin1
# lvchange -an vg/thin1
# lvchange -ay vg/thin1
# mount /dev/vg/thin1 /mnt/X
# ls /mnt/X
file3 file4 file5
XFS on snapshots
Mounting an XFS file system on a new snapshot LV requires attention to
the file system's log state and uuid. On the snapshot LV, the xfs log
will contain a dummy transaction, and the xfs uuid will match the uuid
from the file system on the origin LV.
If the snapshot LV is writable, mounting will recover the log to clear
the dummy transaction, but will require skipping the uuid check:
mount /dev/VG/SnapLV /mnt -o nouuid
Or, the uuid can be changed on disk before mounting:
xfs_admin -U generate /dev/VG/SnapLV
mount /dev/VG/SnapLV /mnt
If the snapshot LV is readonly, the log recovery and uuid check need to
be skipped while mounting readonly:
mount /dev/VG/SnapLV /mnt -o ro,nouuid,norecovery
SEE ALSO
lvm(8), lvm.conf(5), lvmconfig(8), lvcreate(8), lvconvert(8), lvchange(8), lvextend(8), lvremove(8), lvs(8), thin_dump(8), thin_repair(8) thin_restore(8)
Opportunity
Personal Opportunity - Free software gives you access to billions of dollars of software at no cost. Use this software for your business, personal use or to develop a profitable skill. Access to source code provides access to a level of capabilities/information that companies protect though copyrights. Open source is a core component of the Internet and it is available to you. Leverage the billions of dollars in resources and capabilities to build a career, establish a business or change the world. The potential is endless for those who understand the opportunity.
Business Opportunity - Goldman Sachs, IBM and countless large corporations are leveraging open source to reduce costs, develop products and increase their bottom lines. Learn what these companies know about open source and how open source can give you the advantage.
Free Software
Free Software provides computer programs and capabilities at no cost but more importantly, it provides the freedom to run, edit, contribute to, and share the software. The importance of free software is a matter of access, not price. Software at no cost is a benefit but ownership rights to the software and source code is far more significant.
Free Office Software - The Libre Office suite provides top desktop productivity tools for free. This includes, a word processor, spreadsheet, presentation engine, drawing and flowcharting, database and math applications. Libre Office is available for Linux or Windows.
Free Books
The Free Books Library is a collection of thousands of the most popular public domain books in an online readable format. The collection includes great classical literature and more recent works where the U.S. copyright has expired. These books are yours to read and use without restrictions.
Source Code - Want to change a program or know how it works? Open Source provides the source code for its programs so that anyone can use, modify or learn how to write those programs themselves. Visit the GNU source code repositories to download the source.
Education
Study at Harvard, Stanford or MIT - Open edX provides free online courses from Harvard, MIT, Columbia, UC Berkeley and other top Universities. Hundreds of courses for almost all major subjects and course levels. Open edx also offers some paid courses and selected certifications.
Linux Manual Pages - A man or manual page is a form of software documentation found on Linux/Unix operating systems. Topics covered include computer programs (including library and system calls), formal standards and conventions, and even abstract concepts.
