encoding(3pm)
NAME
encoding - allows you to write your script in non-ASCII and non-UTF-8
WARNING
This module has been deprecated since perl v5.18. See "DESCRIPTION" and "BUGS".
SYNOPSIS
use encoding "greek"; # Perl like Greek to you?
use encoding "euc-jp"; # Jperl!
# or you can even do this if your shell supports your native encoding
perl -Mencoding=latin2 -e'...' # Feeling centrally European?
perl -Mencoding=euc-kr -e'...' # Or Korean?
# more control
# A simple euc-cn => utf-8 converter
use encoding "euc-cn", STDOUT => "utf8"; while(<>){print};
# "no encoding;" supported
no encoding;
# an alternate way, Filter
use encoding "euc-jp", Filter=>1;
# now you can use kanji identifiers -- in euc-jp!
# encode based on the current locale - specialized purposes only;
# fraught with danger!!
use encoding ':locale';
DESCRIPTION
This pragma is used to enable a Perl script to be written in encodings
that aren't strictly ASCII nor UTF-8. It translates all or portions of
the Perl program script from a given encoding into UTF-8, and changes
the PerlIO layers of "STDIN" and "STDOUT" to the encoding specified.
This pragma dates from the days when UTF-8-enabled editors were
uncommon. But that was long ago, and the need for it is greatly
diminished. That, coupled with the fact that it doesn't work with
threads, along with other problems, (see "BUGS") have led to its being
deprecated. It is planned to remove this pragma in a future Perl
version. New code should be written in UTF-8, and the "use utf8"
pragma used instead (see perluniintro and utf8 for details). Old code
should be converted to UTF-8, via something like the recipe in the
"SYNOPSIS" (though this simple approach may require manual adjustments
afterwards).
If UTF-8 is not an option, it is recommended that one use a simple
source filter, such as that provided by Filter::Encoding on CPAN or
this pragma's own "Filter" option (see below).
The only legitimate use of this pragma is almost certainly just one per
file, near the top, with file scope, as the file is likely going to
only be written in one encoding. Further restrictions apply in Perls
before v5.22 (see "Prior to Perl v5.22").
There are two basic modes of operation (plus turning if off):
"use encoding ['ENCNAME'] ;"
Please note: This mode of operation is no longer supported as of
Perl v5.26.
This is the normal operation. It translates various literals
encountered in the Perl source file from the encoding ENCNAME into
UTF-8, and similarly converts character code points. This is used
when the script is a combination of ASCII (for the variable names
and punctuation, etc), but the literal data is in the specified
encoding.
ENCNAME is optional. If omitted, the encoding specified in the
environment variable "PERL_ENCODING" is used. If this isn't set,
or the resolved-to encoding is not known to "Encode", the error
"Unknown encoding 'ENCNAME'" will be thrown.
Starting in Perl v5.8.6 ("Encode" version 2.0.1), ENCNAME may be
the name ":locale". This is for very specialized applications, and
is documented in "The ":locale" sub-pragma" below.
The literals that are converted are "q//, qq//, qr//, qw///, qx//",
and starting in v5.8.1, "tr///". Operations that do conversions
include "chr", "ord", "utf8::upgrade" (but not "utf8::downgrade"),
and "chomp".
Also starting in v5.8.1, the "DATA" pseudo-filehandle is translated
from the encoding into UTF-8.
For example, you can write code in EUC-JP as follows:
my $Rakuda = "\xF1\xD1\xF1\xCC"; # Camel in Kanji
#<-char-><-char-> # 4 octets
s/ Camel /$Rakuda/;
And with "use encoding "euc-jp"" in effect, it is the same thing as
that code in UTF-8:
my $Rakuda = "\x{99F1}\x{99DD}"; # two Unicode Characters
s/ Camel /$Rakuda/;
See "EXAMPLE" below for a more complete example.
Unless "${^UNICODE}" (available starting in v5.8.2) exists and is
non-zero, the PerlIO layers of "STDIN" and "STDOUT" are set to
"":encoding(ENCNAME)"". Therefore,
use encoding "euc-jp";
my $message = "Camel is the symbol of perl.\n";
my $Rakuda = "\xF1\xD1\xF1\xCC"; # Camel in Kanji
$message =~ s/ Camel /$Rakuda/;
print $message;
will print
"\xF1\xD1\xF1\xCC is the symbol of perl.\n"
not
"\x{99F1}\x{99DD} is the symbol of perl.\n"
You can override this by giving extra arguments; see below.
Note that "STDERR" WILL NOT be changed, regardless.
Also note that non-STD file handles remain unaffected. Use "use
open" or "binmode" to change the layers of those.
"use encoding ENCNAME Filter=>1;"
This operates as above, but the "Filter" argument with a non-zero
value causes the entire script, and not just literals, to be
translated from the encoding into UTF-8. This allows identifiers
in the source to be in that encoding as well. (Problems may occur
if the encoding is not a superset of ASCII; imagine all your semi-
colons being translated into something different.) One can use
this form to make
${"\x{4eba}"}++
work. (This is equivalent to "$human++", where human is a single
Han ideograph).
This effectively means that your source code behaves as if it were
written in UTF-8 with "'use utf8"' in effect. So even if your
editor only supports Shift_JIS, for example, you can still try
examples in Chapter 15 of "Programming Perl, 3rd Ed.".
This option is significantly slower than the other one.
"no encoding;"
Unsets the script encoding. The layers of "STDIN", "STDOUT" are
reset to "":raw"" (the default unprocessed raw stream of bytes).
OPTIONS
Setting "STDIN" and/or "STDOUT" individually
The encodings of "STDIN" and "STDOUT" are individually settable by
parameters to the pragma:
use encoding 'euc-tw', STDIN => 'greek' ...;
In this case, you cannot omit the first ENCNAME. "STDIN => undef"
turns the I/O transcoding completely off for that filehandle.
When "${^UNICODE}" (available starting in v5.8.2) exists and is non-
zero, these options will be completely ignored. See ""${^UNICODE}"" in
perlvar and ""-C"" in perlrun for details.
The ":locale" sub-pragma
Starting in v5.8.6, the encoding name may be ":locale". This means
that the encoding is taken from the current locale, and not hard-coded
by the pragma. Since a script really can only be encoded in exactly
one encoding, this option is dangerous. It makes sense only if the
script itself is written in ASCII, and all the possible locales that
will be in use when the script is executed are supersets of ASCII.
That means that the script itself doesn't get changed, but the I/O
handles have the specified encoding added, and the operations like
"chr" and "ord" use that encoding.
The logic of finding which locale ":locale" uses is as follows:
1. If the platform supports the "langinfo(CODESET)" interface, the
codeset returned is used as the default encoding for the open
pragma.
2. If 1. didn't work but we are under the locale pragma, the
environment variables "LC_ALL" and "LANG" (in that order) are
matched for encodings (the part after ""."", if any), and if any
found, that is used as the default encoding for the open pragma.
3. If 1. and 2. didn't work, the environment variables "LC_ALL" and
"LANG" (in that order) are matched for anything looking like UTF-8,
and if any found, ":utf8" is used as the default encoding for the
open pragma.
If your locale environment variables ("LC_ALL", "LC_CTYPE", "LANG")
contain the strings 'UTF-8' or 'UTF8' (case-insensitive matching), the
default encoding of your "STDIN", "STDOUT", and "STDERR", and of any
subsequent file open, is UTF-8.
CAVEATS
SIDE EFFECTS
· If the "encoding" pragma is in scope then the lengths returned are
calculated from the length of $/ in Unicode characters, which is
not always the same as the length of $/ in the native encoding.
· Without this pragma, if strings operating under byte semantics and
strings with Unicode character data are concatenated, the new
string will be created by decoding the byte strings as ISO 8859-1
(Latin-1).
The encoding pragma changes this to use the specified encoding
instead. For example:
use encoding 'utf8';
my $string = chr(20000); # a Unicode string
utf8::encode($string); # now it's a UTF-8 encoded byte string
# concatenate with another Unicode string
print length($string . chr(20000));
Will print 2, because $string is upgraded as UTF-8. Without "use
encoding 'utf8';", it will print 4 instead, since $string is three
octets when interpreted as Latin-1.
DO NOT MIX MULTIPLE ENCODINGS
Notice that only literals (string or regular expression) having only
legacy code points are affected: if you mix data like this
\x{100}\xDF
\xDF\x{100}
the data is assumed to be in (Latin 1 and) Unicode, not in your native
encoding. In other words, this will match in "greek":
"\xDF" =~ /\x{3af}/
but this will not
"\xDF\x{100}" =~ /\x{3af}\x{100}/
since the "\xDF" (ISO 8859-7 GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH TONOS) on the
left will not be upgraded to "\x{3af}" (Unicode GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA
WITH TONOS) because of the "\x{100}" on the left. You should not be
mixing your legacy data and Unicode in the same string.
This pragma also affects encoding of the 0x80..0xFF code point range:
normally characters in that range are left as eight-bit bytes (unless
they are combined with characters with code points 0x100 or larger, in
which case all characters need to become UTF-8 encoded), but if the
"encoding" pragma is present, even the 0x80..0xFF range always gets
UTF-8 encoded.
After all, the best thing about this pragma is that you don't have to
resort to \x{....} just to spell your name in a native encoding. So
feel free to put your strings in your encoding in quotes and regexes.
Prior to Perl v5.22
The pragma was a per script, not a per block lexical. Only the last
"use encoding" or "no encoding" mattered, and it affected the whole
script. However, the "no encoding" pragma was supported and "use
encoding" could appear as many times as you want in a given script
(though only the last was effective).
Since the scope wasn't lexical, other modules' use of "chr", "ord",
etc. were affected. This leads to spooky, incorrect action at a
distance that is hard to debug.
This means you would have to be very careful of the load order:
# called module
package Module_IN_BAR;
use encoding "bar";
# stuff in "bar" encoding here
1;
# caller script
use encoding "foo"
use Module_IN_BAR;
# surprise! use encoding "bar" is in effect.
The best way to avoid this oddity is to use this pragma RIGHT AFTER
other modules are loaded. i.e.
use Module_IN_BAR;
use encoding "foo";
Prior to Encode version 1.87
· "STDIN" and "STDOUT" were not set under the filter option. And
"STDIN=>ENCODING" and "STDOUT=>ENCODING" didn't work like non-
filter version.
· "use utf8" wasn't implicitly declared so you have to "use utf8" to
do
${"\x{4eba}"}++
Prior to Perl v5.8.1
"NON-EUC" doublebyte encodings
Because perl needs to parse the script before applying this pragma,
such encodings as Shift_JIS and Big-5 that may contain '\'
(BACKSLASH; "\x5c") in the second byte fail because the second byte
may accidentally escape the quoting character that follows.
"tr///"
The encoding pragma works by decoding string literals in
"q//,qq//,qr//,qw///, qx//" and so forth. In perl v5.8.0, this
does not apply to "tr///". Therefore,
use encoding 'euc-jp';
#....
$kana =~ tr/\xA4\xA1-\xA4\xF3/\xA5\xA1-\xA5\xF3/;
# -------- -------- -------- --------
Does not work as
$kana =~ tr/\x{3041}-\x{3093}/\x{30a1}-\x{30f3}/;
Legend of characters above
utf8 euc-jp charnames::viacode()
-----------------------------------------
\x{3041} \xA4\xA1 HIRAGANA LETTER SMALL A
\x{3093} \xA4\xF3 HIRAGANA LETTER N
\x{30a1} \xA5\xA1 KATAKANA LETTER SMALL A
\x{30f3} \xA5\xF3 KATAKANA LETTER N
This counterintuitive behavior has been fixed in perl v5.8.1.
In perl v5.8.0, you can work around this as follows;
use encoding 'euc-jp';
# ....
eval qq{ \$kana =~ tr/\xA4\xA1-\xA4\xF3/\xA5\xA1-\xA5\xF3/ };
Note the "tr//" expression is surrounded by "qq{}". The idea
behind this is the same as the classic idiom that makes "tr///"
'interpolate':
tr/$from/$to/; # wrong!
eval qq{ tr/$from/$to/ }; # workaround.
EXAMPLE - Greekperl
use encoding "iso 8859-7";
# \xDF in ISO 8859-7 (Greek) is \x{3af} in Unicode.
$a = "\xDF";
$b = "\x{100}";
printf "%#x\n", ord($a); # will print 0x3af, not 0xdf
$c = $a . $b;
# $c will be "\x{3af}\x{100}", not "\x{df}\x{100}".
# chr() is affected, and ...
print "mega\n" if ord(chr(0xdf)) == 0x3af;
# ... ord() is affected by the encoding pragma ...
print "tera\n" if ord(pack("C", 0xdf)) == 0x3af;
# ... as are eq and cmp ...
print "peta\n" if "\x{3af}" eq pack("C", 0xdf);
print "exa\n" if "\x{3af}" cmp pack("C", 0xdf) == 0;
# ... but pack/unpack C are not affected, in case you still
# want to go back to your native encoding
print "zetta\n" if unpack("C", (pack("C", 0xdf))) == 0xdf;
BUGS
Thread safety
"use encoding ..." is not thread-safe (i.e., do not use in threaded
applications).
Can't be used by more than one module in a single program.
Only one encoding is allowed. If you combine modules in a program
that have different encodings, only one will be actually used.
Other modules using "STDIN" and "STDOUT" get the encoded stream
They may be expecting something completely different.
literals in regex that are longer than 127 bytes
For native multibyte encodings (either fixed or variable length),
the current implementation of the regular expressions may introduce
recoding errors for regular expression literals longer than 127
bytes.
EBCDIC
The encoding pragma is not supported on EBCDIC platforms.
"format"
This pragma doesn't work well with "format" because PerlIO does not
get along very well with it. When "format" contains non-ASCII
characters it prints funny or gets "wide character warnings". To
understand it, try the code below.
# Save this one in utf8
# replace *non-ascii* with a non-ascii string
my $camel;
format STDOUT =
*non-ascii*@>>>>>>>
$camel
.
$camel = "*non-ascii*";
binmode(STDOUT=>':encoding(utf8)'); # bang!
write; # funny
print $camel, "\n"; # fine
Without binmode this happens to work but without binmode, print()
fails instead of write().
At any rate, the very use of "format" is questionable when it comes
to unicode characters since you have to consider such things as
character width (i.e. double-width for ideographs) and directions
(i.e. BIDI for Arabic and Hebrew).
See also "CAVEATS"
HISTORY
This pragma first appeared in Perl v5.8.0. It has been enhanced in later releases as specified above.
SEE ALSO
perlunicode, Encode, open, Filter::Util::Call, Ch. 15 of "Programming Perl (3rd Edition)" by Larry Wall, Tom Christiansen, Jon Orwant; O'Reilly & Associates; ISBN 0-596-00027-8
Opportunity
Personal Opportunity - Free software gives you access to billions of dollars of software at no cost. Use this software for your business, personal use or to develop a profitable skill. Access to source code provides access to a level of capabilities/information that companies protect though copyrights. Open source is a core component of the Internet and it is available to you. Leverage the billions of dollars in resources and capabilities to build a career, establish a business or change the world. The potential is endless for those who understand the opportunity.
Business Opportunity - Goldman Sachs, IBM and countless large corporations are leveraging open source to reduce costs, develop products and increase their bottom lines. Learn what these companies know about open source and how open source can give you the advantage.
Free Software
Free Software provides computer programs and capabilities at no cost but more importantly, it provides the freedom to run, edit, contribute to, and share the software. The importance of free software is a matter of access, not price. Software at no cost is a benefit but ownership rights to the software and source code is far more significant.
Free Office Software - The Libre Office suite provides top desktop productivity tools for free. This includes, a word processor, spreadsheet, presentation engine, drawing and flowcharting, database and math applications. Libre Office is available for Linux or Windows.
Free Books
The Free Books Library is a collection of thousands of the most popular public domain books in an online readable format. The collection includes great classical literature and more recent works where the U.S. copyright has expired. These books are yours to read and use without restrictions.
Source Code - Want to change a program or know how it works? Open Source provides the source code for its programs so that anyone can use, modify or learn how to write those programs themselves. Visit the GNU source code repositories to download the source.
Education
Study at Harvard, Stanford or MIT - Open edX provides free online courses from Harvard, MIT, Columbia, UC Berkeley and other top Universities. Hundreds of courses for almost all major subjects and course levels. Open edx also offers some paid courses and selected certifications.
Linux Manual Pages - A man or manual page is a form of software documentation found on Linux/Unix operating systems. Topics covered include computer programs (including library and system calls), formal standards and conventions, and even abstract concepts.
