cupsd.conf(5)


NAME

   cupsd.conf - server configuration file for cups

DESCRIPTION

   The  cupsd.conf  file  configures  the CUPS scheduler, cupsd(8).  It is
   normally located in the /etc/cups directory.   Note:  File,  directory,
   and  user  configuration  directives  that  used  to  be allowed in the
   cupsd.conf file are now stored in the cups-files.conf(5)  file  instead
   in order to prevent certain types of privilege escalation attacks.

   Each  line  in the file can be a configuration directive, a blank line,
   or a comment.  Configuration directives typically consist of a name and
   zero  or  more  values  separated  by  whitespace.   The  configuration
   directive name and values are case-insensitive.   Comment  lines  start
   with the # character.

   TOP-LEVEL DIRECTIVES
   The following top-level directives are understood by cupsd(8):

   AccessLogLevel config

   AccessLogLevel actions

   AccessLogLevel all
        Specifies  the logging level for the AccessLog file.  The "config"
        level logs when  printers  and  classes  are  added,  deleted,  or
        modified  and  when  configuration  files are accessed or updated.
        The "actions" level logs when  print  jobs  are  submitted,  held,
        released,  modified,  or  canceled,  and any of the conditions for
        "config".  The "all" level logs all requests.  The default  access
        log level is "actions".

   AutoPurgeJobs Yes

   AutoPurgeJobs No
        Specifies  whether to purge job history data automatically when it
        is no longer required for quotas.  The default is "No".

   BrowseLocalProtocols all

   BrowseLocalProtocols dnssd

   BrowseLocalProtocols none
        Specifies which protocols to use for local printer  sharing.   The
        default  is  "dnssd"  on  systems  that support Bonjour and "none"
        otherwise.

   BrowseWebIF Yes

   BrowseWebIF No
        Specifies whether the  CUPS  web  interface  is  advertised.   The
        default is "No".

   Browsing Yes

   Browsing No
        Specifies  whether shared printers are advertised.  The default is
        "No".

   Classification banner
        Specifies the security classification of the  server.   Any  valid
        banner  name  can be used, including "classified", "confidential",
        "secret", "topsecret", and "unclassified", or the  banner  can  be
        omitted  to  disable secure printing functions.  The default is no
        classification banner.

   ClassifyOverride Yes

   ClassifyOverride No
        Specifies whether users may  override  the  classification  (cover
        page) of individual print jobs using the "job-sheets" option.  The
        default is "No".

   DefaultAuthType Basic

   DefaultAuthType Negotiate
        Specifies the default type of authentication to use.  The  default
        is "Basic".

   DefaultEncryption Never

   DefaultEncryption IfRequested

   DefaultEncryption Required
        Specifies  whether  encryption  will  be  used  for  authenticated
        requests.  The default is "Required".

   DefaultLanguage locale
        Specifies the default language to use for text  and  web  content.
        The default is "en".

   DefaultPaperSize Auto

   DefaultPaperSize None

   DefaultPaperSize sizename
        Specifies the default paper size for new print queues. "Auto" uses
        a locale-specific default, while  "None"  specifies  there  is  no
        default paper size.  Specific size names are typically "Letter" or
        "A4".  The default is "Auto".

   DefaultPolicy policy-name
        Specifies the default access policy to use.   The  default  access
        policy is "default".

   DefaultShared Yes

   DefaultShared No
        Specifies  whether  local  printers  are  shared  by default.  The
        default is "Yes".

   DirtyCleanInterval seconds
        Specifies the delay for updating of configuration and state files.
        A  value  of  0  causes  the update to happen as soon as possible,
        typically within a few milliseconds.  The default value is "30".

   ErrorPolicy abort-job
        Specifies that a failed print job should  be  aborted  (discarded)
        unless otherwise specified for the printer.

   ErrorPolicy retry-job
        Specifies  that  a  failed  print job should be retried at a later
        time unless otherwise specified for the printer.  The  'retry-job'
        error policy is the default.

   ErrorPolicy retry-this-job
        Specifies  that  a  failed print job should be retried immediately
        unless otherwise specified for the printer.

   ErrorPolicy stop-printer
        Specifies that a failed print job should stop the  printer  unless
        otherwise specified for the printer.

   FilterLimit limit
        Specifies  the  maximum cost of filters that are run concurrently,
        which can be used to  minimize  disk,  memory,  and  CPU  resource
        problems.   A  limit  of  0  disables filter limiting.  An average
        print to a non-PostScript printer needs a filter  limit  of  about
        200.   A  PostScript printer needs about half that (100).  Setting
        the limit  below  these  thresholds  will  effectively  limit  the
        scheduler to printing a single job at any time.  The default limit
        is "0".

   FilterNice nice-value
        Specifies the scheduling priority ( nice(8) value) of filters that
        are run to print a job.  The nice value ranges from 0, the highest
        priority, to 19, the lowest priority.  The default is 0.

   GSSServiceName name
        Specifies the service name  when  using  Kerberos  authentication.
        The default service name is "http."

   HostNameLookups On

   HostNameLookups Off

   HostNameLookups Double
        Specifies  whether  to  do  reverse lookups on connecting clients.
        The "Double" setting causes cupsd(8) to verify that  the  hostname
        resolved  from  the  address matches one of the addresses returned
        for that hostname.   Double  lookups  also  prevent  clients  with
        unregistered  addresses  from  connecting  to  your  server.   The
        default  is  "Off"  to  avoid  the  potential  server  performance
        problems  with  hostname lookups.  Only set this option to "On" or
        "Double" if absolutely required.

   IdleExitTimeout seconds
        Specifies the length of time to wait before shutting down  due  to
        inactivity.   The  default is "60" seconds.  Note: Only applicable
        when cupsd(8) is run on-demand (e.g., with -l).

   JobKillDelay seconds
        Specifies the number of seconds to wait before killing the filters
        and  backend  associated with a canceled or held job.  The default
        is "30".

   JobRetryInterval seconds
        Specifies the interval between retries of jobs in  seconds.   This
        is  typically used for fax queues but can also be used with normal
        print queues whose error policy is "retry-job" or  "retry-current-
        job".  The default is "30".

   JobRetryLimit count
        Specifies  the  number of retries that are done for jobs.  This is
        typically used for fax queues but can also  be  used  with  normal
        print  queues whose error policy is "retry-job" or "retry-current-
        job".  The default is "5".

   KeepAlive Yes

   KeepAlive No
        Specifies whether to support  HTTP  keep-alive  connections.   The
        default is "Yes".

   KeepAliveTimeout seconds
        Specifies  how  long  an idle client connection remains open.  The
        default is "30".

   <Limit operation ...> ... </Limit>
        Specifies the IPP operations  that  are  being  limited  inside  a
        Policy  section.  IPP  operation  names  are  listed  below in the
        section "IPP OPERATION NAMES".

   <Limit method ...> ... </Limit>

   <LimitExcept method ...> ... </LimitExcept>
        Specifies the  HTTP  methods  that  are  being  limited  inside  a
        Location  section.  HTTP  method  names  are  listed  below in the
        section "HTTP METHOD NAMES".

   LimitRequestBody size
        Specifies the maximum size of print files, IPP requests, and  HTML
        form data.  The default is "0" which disables the limit check.

   Listen ipv4-address:port

   Listen [ipv6-address]:port

   Listen *:port

   Listen /path/to/domain/socket
        Listens  to  the  specified address and port or domain socket path
        for connections.  Multiple Listen directives can  be  provided  to
        listen  on multiple addresses.  The Listen directive is similar to
        the Port directive but allows you to restrict access  to  specific
        interfaces or networks.

   ListenBackLog number
        Specifies  the number of pending connections that will be allowed.
        This normally only affects very busy servers that have reached the
        MaxClients  limit,  but  can also be triggered by large numbers of
        simultaneous  connections.   When  the  limit  is   reached,   the
        operating  system  will  refuse  additional  connections until the
        scheduler can accept the pending ones.  The  default  is  the  OS-
        defined  default  limit,  typically either "5" for older operating
        systems or "128" for newer operating systems.

   <Location /path> ... </Location>
        Specifies access  control  for  the  named  location.   Paths  are
        documented below in the section "LOCATION PATHS".

   LogDebugHistory number
        Specifies  the  number of debugging messages that are retained for
        logging if an error occurs in a  print  job.  Debug  messages  are
        logged regardless of the LogLevel setting.

   LogLevel none

   LogLevel emerg

   LogLevel alert

   LogLevel crit

   LogLevel error

   LogLevel warn

   LogLevel notice

   LogLevel info

   LogLevel debug

   LogLevel debug2
        Specifies  the  level of logging for the ErrorLog file.  The value
        "none" stops all logging  while  "debug2"  logs  everything.   The
        default is "warn".

   LogTimeFormat standard

   LogTimeFormat usecs
        Specifies  the  format of the date and time in the log files.  The
        value "standard" is the  default  and  logs  whole  seconds  while
        "usecs" logs microseconds.

   MaxClients number
        Specifies  the  maximum  number  of  simultaneous clients that are
        allowed by the scheduler.  The default is "100".

   MaxClientsPerHost number
        Specifies the maximum number  of  simultaneous  clients  that  are
        allowed  from  a  single  address.   The default is the MaxClients
        value.

   MaxCopies number
        Specifies the maximum number of copies that a user  can  print  of
        each job.  The default is "9999".

   MaxHoldTime seconds
        Specifies  the  maximum  time a job may remain in the "indefinite"
        hold state before it  is  canceled.   The  default  is  "0"  which
        disables cancellation of held jobs.

   MaxJobs number
        Specifies  the  maximum  number  of  simultaneous  jobs  that  are
        allowed.  Set to "0" to allow an unlimited number  of  jobs.   The
        default is "500".

   MaxJobsPerPrinter number
        Specifies the maximum number of simultaneous jobs that are allowed
        per printer.  The default is "0" which allows up to  MaxJobs  jobs
        per printer.

   MaxJobsPerUser number
        Specifies the maximum number of simultaneous jobs that are allowed
        per user.  The default is "0" which allows up to MaxJobs jobs  per
        user.

   MaxJobTime seconds
        Specifies  the  maximum  time a job may take to print before it is
        canceled.  Set to "0" to disable  cancellation  of  "stuck"  jobs.
        The default is "10800" (3 hours).

   MaxLogSize size
        Specifies  the  maximum  size  of  the  log  files before they are
        rotated.  The value "0" disables log  rotation.   The  default  is
        "1048576" (1MB).

   MultipleOperationTimeout seconds
        Specifies  the  maximum amount of time to allow between files in a
        multiple file print job.  The default is "300" (5 minutes).

   PageLogFormat format-string
        Specifies the format of PageLog lines.  Sequences  beginning  with
        percent   (%)  characters  are  replaced  with  the  corresponding
        information, while all other characters are copied literally.  The
        following percent sequences are recognized:

            "%%" inserts a single percent character.
            "%{name}" inserts the value of the specified IPP attribute.
            "%C" inserts the number of copies for the current page.
            "%P" inserts the current page number.
            "%T" inserts the current date and time in common log format.
            "%j" inserts the job ID.
            "%p" inserts the printer name.
            "%u" inserts the username.

        The default is the empty string, which disables page logging.  The
        string "%p %u %j %T %P %C  %{job-billing}  %{job-originating-host-
        name}  %{job-name}  %{media} %{sides}" creates a page log with the
        standard items.

   PassEnv variable [ ... variable ]
        Passes the specified environment variable(s) to child processes.

   <Policy name> ... </Policy>
        Specifies access control for the named policy.

   Port number
        Listens to the specified port number for connections.

   PreserveJobFiles Yes

   PreserveJobFiles No

   PreserveJobFiles seconds
        Specifies whether job files (documents) are preserved after a  job
        is  printed.   If  a  numeric  value  is  specified, job files are
        preserved for the indicated number of seconds after printing.  The
        default is "86400" (preserve 1 day).

   PreserveJobHistory Yes

   PreserveJobHistory No

   PreserveJobHistory seconds
        Specifies  whether  the  job  history  is preserved after a job is
        printed.  If a numeric value is  specified,  the  job  history  is
        preserved  for the indicated number of seconds after printing.  If
        "Yes", the job history is preserved until  the  MaxJobs  limit  is
        reached.  The default is "Yes".

   ReloadTimeout seconds
        Specifies  the  amount  of  time to wait for job completion before
        restarting the scheduler.  The default is "30".

   RIPCache size
        Specifies the maximum amount of  memory  to  use  when  converting
        documents into bitmaps for a printer.  The default is "128m".

   ServerAdmin email-address
        Specifies  the  email  address  of  the server administrator.  The
        default value is "root@ServerName".

   ServerAlias hostname [ ... hostname ]

   ServerAlias *
        The ServerAlias directive is used for HTTP Host header  validation
        when  clients  connect  to the scheduler from external interfaces.
        Using the special  name  "*"  can  expose  your  system  to  known
        browser-based  DNS  rebinding  attacks,  even when accessing sites
        through a firewall.  If the auto-discovery of alternate names does
        not  work,  we  recommend  listing  each  alternate  name  with  a
        ServerAlias directive instead of using "*".

   ServerName hostname
        Specifies the fully-qualified hostname of the server.  The default
        is the value reported by the hostname(1) command.

   ServerTokens None

   ServerTokens ProductOnly

   ServerTokens Major

   ServerTokens Minor

   ServerTokens Minimal

   ServerTokens OS

   ServerTokens Full
        Specifies  what  information  is  included in the Server header of
        HTTP responses.  "None" disables the Server header.  "ProductOnly"
        reports  "CUPS".  "Major" reports "CUPS 2".  "Minor" reports "CUPS
        2.0".  "Minimal" reports "CUPS 2.0.0".  "OS" reports  "CUPS  2.0.0
        (UNAME)"  where  UNAME  is  the  output  of  the uname(1) command.
        "Full" reports "CUPS  2.0.0  (UNAME)  IPP/2.0".   The  default  is
        "Minimal".

   SetEnv variable value
        Set  the  specified  environment  variable  to  be passed to child
        processes.

   SSLListen ipv4-address:port

   SSLListen [ipv6-address]:port

   SSLListen *:port
        Listens  on  the  specified  address  and   port   for   encrypted
        connections.

   SSLOptions [AllowRC4] [AllowSSL3]

   SSLOptions None
        Sets   encryption   options.    By  default,  CUPS  only  supports
        encryption using TLS v1.0 or  higher  using  known  secure  cipher
        suites.   The  AllowRC4  option  enables  the  128-bit  RC4 cipher
        suites, which are required for some  older  clients  that  do  not
        implement  newer  ones.   The  AllowSSL3  option enables SSL v3.0,
        which is required for some older clients that do not  support  TLS
        v1.0.

   SSLPort port
        Listens on the specified port for encrypted connections.

   StrictConformance Yes

   StrictConformance No
        Specifies  whether  the  scheduler  requires  clients  to strictly
        adhere to the IPP specifications.  The default is "No".

   Timeout seconds
        Specifies the HTTP request  timeout.   The  default  is  "300"  (5
        minutes).

   WebInterface yes

   WebInterface no
        Specifies  whether  the  web interface is enabled.  The default is
        "No".

   HTTP METHOD NAMES
   The following HTTP methods are supported by cupsd(8):

   GET  Used by a client to download icons and other printer resources and
        to access the CUPS web interface.

   HEAD Used  by  a client to get the type, size, and modification date of
        resources.

   OPTIONS
        Used by a client to establish a secure (SSL/TLS) connection.

   POST Used by a client to submit IPP requests and HTML  forms  from  the
        CUPS web interface.

   PUT  Used by a client to upload configuration files.

   IPP OPERATION NAMES
   The following IPP operations are supported by cupsd(8):

   CUPS-Accept-Jobs
        Allows a printer to accept new jobs.

   CUPS-Add-Modify-Class
        Adds or modifies a printer class.

   CUPS-Add-Modify-Printer
        Adds or modifies a printer.

   CUPS-Authenticate-Job
        Releases a job that is held for authentication.

   CUPS-Delete-Class
        Deletes a printer class.

   CUPS-Delete-Printer
        Deletes a printer.

   CUPS-Get-Classes
        Gets a list of printer classes.

   CUPS-Get-Default
        Gets the server default printer or printer class.

   CUPS-Get-Devices
        Gets a list of devices that are currently available.

   CUPS-Get-Document
        Gets a document file for a job.

   CUPS-Get-PPD
        Gets a PPD file.

   CUPS-Get-PPDs
        Gets a list of installed PPD files.

   CUPS-Get-Printers
        Gets a list of printers.

   CUPS-Move-Job
        Moves a job.

   CUPS-Reject-Jobs
        Prevents a printer from accepting new jobs.

   CUPS-Set-Default
        Sets the server default printer or printer class.

   Cancel-Job
        Cancels a job.

   Cancel-Jobs
        Cancels one or more jobs.

   Cancel-My-Jobs
        Cancels one or more jobs creates by a user.

   Cancel-Subscription
        Cancels a subscription.

   Close-Job
        Closes a job that is waiting for more documents.

   Create-Job
        Creates a new job with no documents.

   Create-Job-Subscriptions
        Creates a subscription for job events.

   Create-Printer-Subscriptions
        Creates a subscription for printer events.

   Get-Job-Attributes
        Gets information about a job.

   Get-Jobs
        Gets a list of jobs.

   Get-Notifications
        Gets a list of event notifications for a subscription.

   Get-Printer-Attributes
        Gets information about a printer or printer class.

   Get-Subscription-Attributes
        Gets information about a subscription.

   Get-Subscriptions
        Gets a list of subscriptions.

   Hold-Job
        Holds a job from printing.

   Hold-New-Jobs
        Holds all new jobs from printing.

   Pause-Printer
        Stops processing of jobs by a printer or printer class.

   Pause-Printer-After-Current-Job
        Stops  processing  of jobs by a printer or printer class after the
        current job is finished.

   Print-Job
        Creates a new job with a single document.

   Purge-Jobs
        Cancels one or more jobs and deletes the job history.

   Release-Held-New-Jobs
        Allows previously held jobs to print.

   Release-Job
        Allows a job to print.

   Renew-Subscription
        Renews a subscription.

   Restart-Job
        Reprints a job, if possible.

   Send-Document
        Adds a document to a job.

   Set-Job-Attributes
        Changes job information.

   Set-Printer-Attributes
        Changes printer or printer class information.

   Validate-Job
        Validates options for a new job.

   LOCATION PATHS
   The following paths are commonly used when configuring cupsd(8):

   /    The path for all get operations (get-printers, get-jobs, etc.)

   /admin
        The path for all administration operations  (add-printer,  delete-
        printer, start-printer, etc.)

   /admin/conf
        The  path  for access to the CUPS configuration files (cupsd.conf,
        client.conf, etc.)

   /admin/log
        The path for access to the CUPS log files (access_log,  error_log,
        page_log)

   /classes
        The path for all printer classes

   /classes/name
        The resource for the named printer class

   /jobs
        The path for all jobs (hold-job, release-job, etc.)

   /jobs/id
        The path for the specified job

   /printers
        The path for all printers

   /printers/name
        The path for the named printer

   /printers/name.png
        The icon file path for the named printer

   /printers/name.ppd
        The PPD file path for the named printer

   DIRECTIVES VALID WITHIN LOCATION AND LIMIT SECTIONS
   The  following  directives  may  be  placed  inside  Location and Limit
   sections in the cupsd.conf file:

   Allow all

   Allow none

   Allow host.domain.com

   Allow *.domain.com

   Allow ipv4-address

   Allow ipv4-address/netmask

   Allow ipv4-address/mm

   Allow [ipv6-address]

   Allow [ipv6-address]/mm

   Allow @IF(name)

   Allow @LOCAL
        Allows  access  from  the  named  hosts,  domains,  addresses,  or
        interfaces.   The Order directive controls whether Allow lines are
        evaluated before or after Deny lines.

   AuthType None

   AuthType Basic

   AuthType Default

   AuthType Negotiate
        Specifies  the  type  of  authentication  required.    The   value
        "Default" corresponds to the DefaultAuthType value.

   Deny all

   Deny none

   Deny host.domain.com

   Deny *.domain.com

   Deny ipv4-address

   Deny ipv4-address/netmask

   Deny ipv4-address/mm

   Deny [ipv6-address]

   Deny [ipv6-address]/mm

   Deny @IF(name)

   Deny @LOCAL
        Denies  access  from  the  named  hosts,  domains,  addresses,  or
        interfaces.  The Order directive controls whether Deny  lines  are
        evaluated before or after Allow lines.

   Encryption IfRequested

   Encryption Never

   Encryption Required
        Specifies   the  level  of  encryption  that  is  required  for  a
        particular location.  The default value is "IfRequested".

   Order allow,deny
        Specifies that access is denied by default. Allow lines  are  then
        processed followed by Deny lines to determine whether a client may
        access a particular resource.

   Order deny,allow
        Specifies that access is allowed by default. Deny lines  are  then
        processed  followed  by  Allow lines to determine whether a client
        may access a particular resource.

   Require group group-name [ group-name ... ]
        Specifies that an authenticated user must be a member  of  one  of
        the named groups.

   Require user {user-name|@group-name} ...
        Specifies  that  an authenticated user must match one of the named
        users or be a member of one of the named groups.  The  group  name
        "@SYSTEM"  corresponds  to  the  list  of  groups  defined  by the
        SystemGroup directive in the cups-files.conf(5) file.   The  group
        name  "@OWNER"  corresponds  to  the  owner  of  the resource, for
        example the person that submitted a print job.  Note:  The  'root'
        user  is not special and must be granted privileges like any other
        user account.

   Require valid-user
        Specifies that any authenticated user is acceptable.

   Satisfy all
        Specifies that all  Allow,  AuthType,  Deny,  Order,  and  Require
        conditions must be satisfied to allow access.

   Satisfy any
        Specifies  that  any  a client may access a resource if either the
        authentication (AuthType/Require)  or  address  (Allow/Deny/Order)
        conditions  are  satisfied.   For  example,  this  can  be used to
        require authentication only for remote accesses.

   DIRECTIVES VALID WITHIN POLICY SECTIONS
   The following directives may be placed inside Policy  sections  in  the
   cupsd.conf file:

   JobPrivateAccess all

   JobPrivateAccess default

   JobPrivateAccess {user|@group|@ACL|@OWNER|@SYSTEM} ...
        Specifies  an  access  list  for  a  job's  private  values.   The
        "default" access list is "@OWNER @SYSTEM".   "@ACL"  maps  to  the
        printer's  requesting-user-name-allowed  or  requesting-user-name-
        denied values.  "@OWNER" maps to the job's owner.  "@SYSTEM"  maps
        to  the  groups  listed for the SystemGroup directive in the cups-
        files.conf(5) file.

   JobPrivateValues all

   JobPrivateValues default

   JobPrivateValues none

   JobPrivateValues attribute-name [ ... attribute-name ]
        Specifies the list of job values to make private.   The  "default"
        values    are   "job-name",   "job-originating-host-name",   "job-
        originating-user-name", and "phone".

   SubscriptionPrivateAccess all

   SubscriptionPrivateAccess default

   SubscriptionPrivateAccess {user|@group|@ACL|@OWNER|@SYSTEM} ...
        Specifies an access list for a subscription's private values.  The
        "default"  access  list  is  "@OWNER @SYSTEM".  "@ACL" maps to the
        printer's  requesting-user-name-allowed  or  requesting-user-name-
        denied  values.  "@OWNER" maps to the job's owner.  "@SYSTEM" maps
        to the groups listed for the SystemGroup directive  in  the  cups-
        files.conf(5) file.

   SubscriptionPrivateValues all

   SubscriptionPrivateValues default

   SubscriptionPrivateValues none

   SubscriptionPrivateValues attribute-name [ ... attribute-name ]
        Specifies  the  list  of subscription values to make private.  The
        "default"  values   are   "notify-events",   "notify-pull-method",
        "notify-recipient-uri",     "notify-subscriber-user-name",     and
        "notify-user-data".

CONFORMING TO

   The  cupsd.conf  file  format  is  based  on  the  Apache  HTTP  Server
   configuration file format.

EXAMPLES

   Log everything with a maximum log file size of 32 megabytes:

       AccessLogLevel all
       LogLevel debug2
       MaxLogSize 32m

   Require authentication for accesses from outside the 10. network:

       <Location />
       Order allow,deny
       Allow from 10./8
       AuthType Basic
       Require valid-user
       Satisfy any
       </Location>

SEE ALSO

   classes.conf(5),     cups-files.conf(5),    cupsd(8),    mime.convs(5),
   mime.types(5),  printers.conf(5),  subscriptions.conf(5),  CUPS  Online
   Help (http://localhost:631/help)

COPYRIGHT

   Copyright  2007-2016 by Apple Inc.





Opportunity


Personal Opportunity - Free software gives you access to billions of dollars of software at no cost. Use this software for your business, personal use or to develop a profitable skill. Access to source code provides access to a level of capabilities/information that companies protect though copyrights. Open source is a core component of the Internet and it is available to you. Leverage the billions of dollars in resources and capabilities to build a career, establish a business or change the world. The potential is endless for those who understand the opportunity.

Business Opportunity - Goldman Sachs, IBM and countless large corporations are leveraging open source to reduce costs, develop products and increase their bottom lines. Learn what these companies know about open source and how open source can give you the advantage.





Free Software


Free Software provides computer programs and capabilities at no cost but more importantly, it provides the freedom to run, edit, contribute to, and share the software. The importance of free software is a matter of access, not price. Software at no cost is a benefit but ownership rights to the software and source code is far more significant.


Free Office Software - The Libre Office suite provides top desktop productivity tools for free. This includes, a word processor, spreadsheet, presentation engine, drawing and flowcharting, database and math applications. Libre Office is available for Linux or Windows.





Free Books


The Free Books Library is a collection of thousands of the most popular public domain books in an online readable format. The collection includes great classical literature and more recent works where the U.S. copyright has expired. These books are yours to read and use without restrictions.


Source Code - Want to change a program or know how it works? Open Source provides the source code for its programs so that anyone can use, modify or learn how to write those programs themselves. Visit the GNU source code repositories to download the source.





Education


Study at Harvard, Stanford or MIT - Open edX provides free online courses from Harvard, MIT, Columbia, UC Berkeley and other top Universities. Hundreds of courses for almost all major subjects and course levels. Open edx also offers some paid courses and selected certifications.


Linux Manual Pages - A man or manual page is a form of software documentation found on Linux/Unix operating systems. Topics covered include computer programs (including library and system calls), formal standards and conventions, and even abstract concepts.